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UA exam 2 > Crystals > Flashcards

Crystals Flashcards

1
Q

Urinary crystals formation

A

Salts, medications, metabolites
low temps -> better precipitation
as concentration increases the ability to remain in solution decreases
variable pH

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2
Q

Disease associated with crystal formation

A

Liver disease
inborn errors of metabolism
renal disease
renal calculi

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3
Q

Urate Amorphous crystals

A

Not clinically significant
acidic urine
occur during refrigeration
Ca, Mg, Na, K urates
sediment is pink
soluble in heat and alkaline

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4
Q

Phosphate amorphous crystals

A

Alkaline urine
phosphates and Calcium
sediment white/grey
soluble in acetic acid

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5
Q

Uric acid Crystals

A

Acidic Urine
Normal in low concentration
Associated with increased purines & nucleic acids
Soluble in alkali, heat

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6
Q

Uric acid crystal diseases

A

Gout
Acute Febrile Conditions
Chronic Nephritis
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

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7
Q

Uric acid Identification

A

Barrel, Rhomboid, Rosette
Birefringent (florescent in polarized light)

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8
Q

Calcium Oxalate Crystals

A

Acidic to slightly alkaline pH
soluble in high molarity HCL
Shapes: dumbbell, rectangular, envelope, ovoid

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9
Q

Calcium Oxalate diseases/conditions

A

Foods high in oxalic acid
Major component of kidney stones

Pathologic conditions: Kidney stones, oxalic acid poisoning, Liver disease, antifreeze poisoning

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10
Q

Calcium oxalate crystal associated with antifreeze poisoning

A

Long monohydrate form
don’t confuse with hippuric acid

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11
Q

Hippuric Acid crystals

A

Colorless 6 sided prisms, needles or rhomboid plates
acidic to slightly alkaline urine
soluble in: alkali, hot water
does not polarize light

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12
Q

Hippuric acid conditions/disease

A

Rare
High fruit/vegetable diet with benzoic acid
liver dysfunction. possible toluene exposure

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13
Q

Amonium Biurate crystals

A

“Thorny apples”
Alkaline urine
Soluble: acetic acid

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14
Q

Amonium biurate crystal disease/conditions

A

only significant in freshly voided urine
associated with old/improperly stored urine

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15
Q

Calcium Carbonate crystals

A

Alkaline urine
dumbbell, spherical, granular
soluble: Effervesces with HCL and acetic acid

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16
Q

Calcium carbonate crystal associations/disease

A

Don’t confuse with yeast. Yeast -> Acidic urine. Calcium Carbonate -> Alkaline

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17
Q

Calcium Phosphate crystals

A

colorless flat plates, rosettes, wedge shaped prisms
Alkaline urines
soluble: dilute acetic acid

18
Q

Calcium phosphate associations/disease

A

Normal urine, but may indicate kidney stones

19
Q

Triple Phosphate crystals

A

“coffin lid”
Alkaline urine
soluble: acetic acid
Birefringent

20
Q

Triple phosphate crystals association/disease

A

Bacteria that split urea and CO2

21
Q

Cystine crystals

A

Thin, colorless, Hexagonal shapes
Acidic urine
Soluble: HCL, NaOH, NH4OH
Do not polarize light

22
Q

Cystine Crystal disease/associations

A

Cystinuria
Most frequent cause of kidney stones in children

23
Q

Cholesterol crystals

A

clear flat plates with a corner notch
Acidic urine
soluble: chloroform, ether
polarizes light

24
Q

Cholesterol crystals associations/disease

A

excessive tissue breakdown
chyluria due to lymph drainage obstruction

25
Q

Tyrosine crystals

A

Very rare
colorless to yellow brown
fine needles with sharp points
acidic urine
soluble in: HCL, NH4OH
Bilirubin test positive

26
Q

Tyrosine crystals association/disease

A

severe liver disorders
frequently seen with leucine crystals

27
Q

Leucine crystals

A

Spheroid with concentric rings
acidic urine
soluble: NaOH, hot water
bilirubin positive

28
Q

Leucine crystal disease/associations

A

severe liver disorders
MSUD
Viral Hepatitis

29
Q

Bilirubin crystals

A

Yellow brown needles sometimes attached to cells
acidic urine
soluble: acetic acid, HCL, NaOH, Acetone

30
Q

Bilirubin crystals disease/conditions

A

severe liver disorders
patient history, presentation of jaundice

31
Q

radiographic contrast dye

A

Flat needles or sheaves
Can be confused with cholesterol, tyrosine, sulfonamides

32
Q

Radiographic contrast dye findings

A

Specific gravity usually >1.035
highly birefringent
Patient history valuable

33
Q

Sulfonamide crystals

A

Sulfonamide antibiotics
acidic urine
soluble: acetone and alkali
flat needles, Sheaves, or spheroids

34
Q

Sulfonamide Crystals confusion

A

Can be confused with leucine, tyrosine, bilirubin

35
Q

Sulfonamide crystal associations/disease

A

Dehydration (can cause damage to the nephron)
Kidney stone formation

36
Q

acyclovir crystals

A

Anti-viral med
neutral to alkaline pH
confused with tyrosine crystals

37
Q

Ampicillin

A

Large doses of ampicillin without adequate hydration
colorless needles that form bundles

38
Q

Talcum powder

A

flat sheets. irregular and rocky

39
Q

Starch artifacts

A

Cat buttholes
Pseudo maltese cross when polarized

40
Q

Oil/air bubbles

A

Highly refractive
confused with RBCs

41
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Most common parasite
pear shaped flagellate, undulate membrane. Motile in a fresh sample

42
Q

Giardia Lamblia

A

Intestinal parasite
Appears in fecal contamination
The parasite that looks back at you

UA exam 2 (7 decks)

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