questions

Question 1

where would a phaeochromocytoma be found

Answer 1

adrenal medulla

Question 2

phaeochromocytoma associated with

Answer 2

MEN type II
neurofibromatosis
von hippel-lindau

Question 3

what is orlistat

Answer 3

anti-obesity drugs

Question 4

what signalling pathway does GH use

Answer 4

the tyrosine kinase receptor pathway > activation of Janus Kinase > signalling transduction and activation of transcription (STAT)

Question 5

de quervains thyroiditis

Answer 5

occurs in women post viral infection

presents with thyrotoxicosis which can change to hypothyroidism

Question 6

histological findings of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid

Answer 6

change in nucleus shape and size and nuclear membrane irregularity

Question 7

presentation of carcinoid syndrome

Answer 7

diarrhoea
facial flushing 
wheeze
abdominal pain 
tachycardia
hypotension

Question 8

what improves symptoms in carcinoid syndrome

Answer 8

somatostatin analogues- octreotide

Question 9

what is congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Answer 9

congenital deficiency of 21-hydroxyalse enzyme which causes underproduction of cortisol and aldosterone and over production of androgens

Question 10

inheritance of congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Answer 10

autosomal recessive

Question 11

main glucocorticoid hormone

Answer 11

cortisol

Question 12

main mineralocorticoid

Answer 12

aldosterone

Question 13

function of mineralocorticoids

Answer 13

act on the kidneys to control the balance of salt and water in the blood

Question 14

what is testosterone

Answer 14

an androgen

Question 15

what does 21-hydroxylase do

Answer 15

convert progesterone into aldosterone and cortisol

Question 16

presentation of congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Answer 16

females: ambiguous genitalia and enlarged clitoris
- hyponatraemia
- hyperkalaemia
- hypoglycaemia

poor feeding
vomiting
dehydration
arrhythmias

Question 17

management of congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Answer 17

cortisol replacement: hydrocortisone

aldosterone replacement: fludrocortisone

Question 18

man is euvolaemic
low sodium
elevated urinary sodium
normal thyroid and adrenal

Answer 18

SIADH

Question 19

best monitoring for medullary thyroid carcinomas

Answer 19

calcitonin

Question 20

definition of systemic sclerosis

Answer 20

disease characterised by fibrosis across multiple organ systems

Question 21

limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis

Answer 21

subcatergory of systemic sclerosis that affects fewer organs
sparing the kidneys and the skin on the trunk and proximal limbs

Question 22

another name for limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis

Answer 22

CREST syndrome

Question 23

associated antibodies with limited sclerosis

Answer 23

anti-centromere

Question 24

antibody associated with systemic sclerosis

Answer 24

Scl-70

Question 25

features of CREST syndrome

Answer 25

calcinosis (hard nodules under the skin) Raynaud's Esophageal dysmotility (food gets stuck on swallowing) Sclerodactyly (tightening and thickening of the skin over the fingers) Telangiectasia (prominent dilated capillaries)

Question 26

fingers become stiff and inflexible and raynauds

Answer 26

CREST

Question 27

management of CREST

Answer 27

no overall treatment raynaud's: calcium channel blockers, iloprost, bosentan ACEi if renal involved

Question 28

what is associated with acanthosis nigricans

Answer 28

cushings

Question 29

marfans is caused by a mutation on which protein

Answer 29

fribrilllin-1

Question 30

presentation of hypocalcaemia

Answer 30

perioral paraesthesia cramps tetany- muscle cramps convulsions