endocrine disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Addison’s disease electrolytes

A

hyperkalaemia, hyponatraemia, hypoglycaemia

hypotension, hyperpigmentation, lethargy

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2
Q

Conn’s syndrome electrolytes

A

hypokalaemia, hypertension, alkalosis, no similar family history, raised aldosterone

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3
Q

biochem presentation of vitamin b12 deficiency

A

low Hb, high MCV, normal platelets

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4
Q

what is SIADH

A

large amounts of ADH
> the water dilutes the sodium in the blood > hyponatraemia
> euvolaemic hyponatramia

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5
Q

what does ADH do

A

stimulates water reabsorption from collecting ducts

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6
Q

impact of SIADH on kidneys

A

high urine osmolality

high urine sodium

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7
Q

presentation of SIADH

A
headache 
fatigue 
muscle aches and cramps
confusion 
sever hyponatraemia> seizures
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8
Q

causes of SIADH

A

infection (atypical pneumonia)
head injury > subarachnoid haemorrhage
medications (thiazide diuretics, carbamazepine)
small cell lung cancer

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9
Q

management of SIADH

A

treat the cause
correct sodium slowly
fluid resus
tolvaptan (ADH receptor blockers)

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10
Q

presentation of hashimotos thyroidits

A

goitre
TSH high
T3, T4 low

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11
Q

presentation of a thyroid storm

A

rare

severe presentation of hyperthyroidism- pyrexia, tachycardia, delirium

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12
Q

de quervain’s thyroiditis

A

presentatioin of a viral infection with fever, neck pain and tenderness, dyshpagia and features of hyperthyroidis,

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13
Q

treatment of de quervain’s thyroiditis

A

NSAIDs for pain and inflammation

BB for symptom relief

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14
Q

most common cause of acromegaly

A

pituitary adenoma

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15
Q

bitemporal hemianopia

A

loss of vision on the outer half of both eyes due to pituitary tumour compressing on optic chasm

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16
Q

presentation of acromegaly

A
headaches, visual field defects
overgrowth of tissues: promients facial features, nose, tongue, jaw
large hands and feet
arthritis 
hypertrophic heart 
hypertension
diabetes
17
Q

presentation of big non functioning pituitary adenoma

A

compression on optic chiasm

compression on other structures (cranial nerves 3,4,6)

18
Q

drugs causing increased prolactin

A
dopamine antagonists (metoclopramide)
antipsychotics
antidepressants
osestrogen
cocain
19
Q

female presentation of raised prolactin

A
early 
galactorrhoea
menstrual irregularity 
infertility
amenorrhoea
20
Q

male presentation of raised prolactin

A
late presentation 
galactorrhoea 
menstrual irregularity 
visual field abnormality
anterior pituitary malfunction
21
Q

prolactin investigations

A
serum prolactin concentration
MRI pituitary 
visual field 
PFT
TFT
22
Q

prolactinoma treatment

A

dopamine agonists: cabergoline, bromocriptine, quinagolide

23
Q

treatment of acromegaly

A

surgery
radiotherapy
medical: somatostatin analogues: sandostatin
dopamine agonists

24
Q

management of a thyroid storm

A
supportive care 
anti-arrhythmic medication
betablockers 
propylthiouracil
radio-iodine
25
pathophysiology of pheochromocytoma
tumour of the chromaffin cells that secretes unregulated amounts of adrenaline
26
type of hormone is adrenaline
catecholamine
27
associated condition with pheochromocytoma
MEN2
28
diagnosis of pheochromocytoma
24 hour urine catecholamines | plasma free metanephrines
29
presentation of pheochromocytoma
``` symptoms fluctuate throughout the day anxiety headaches sweating hypertension palpitations, tachycardia, afib ```
30
management of pheochromocytoma
alpha blockers- phenoxybenzamine bb adrenalectomy