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ENT > questions ! > Flashcards

questions ! Flashcards

1
Q

what is the umbo?

A

most inwardly depressed part of the tympanic membrane, marks the point of attachement of the handle of the malleus to tympanic membrane

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2
Q

what is the pars tensa?

A

thick part of tympanic membrane, inferior ish

pars flaccida = thinnest part, located superiorly

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3
Q

what muscle is attached to the malleus + chorda tympani passes over?

A

tensor tympani muscle (CN V3)

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4
Q

how often are taste receptor cells + olfactory receptors replaced respectively? what are they replaced by?

A

taste receptor cells = 10days
olfactory receptors = every 2 month

basal cells

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5
Q

what part of the brain does the olfactory tract take olfactory bulb neurons to?

A

temporal lobe + olfactory areas

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6
Q

the vagus nerve passes out the cranial cavity via which foramen?

A

jugular

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7
Q

what is the first + most superior branch of vagus nerve?

A

superior laryngeal

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8
Q

most likely diagnosis for vertigo lasting days-weeks

A

labyrinthitis AND vestibular neuronitis

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9
Q

most likely diagnosis for vertigo lasting 20 minutes to several hours

A

menieres disease

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10
Q

most likely diagnosis for vertigo lasting seconds to minutes

A

BPPV

–> triggered by positional changes

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11
Q

second line treatment of child with persistent otitis media with effusion

A

adenoidectomy + repeat grommet insertion

Adenoidectomy may be considered at first if child has nasal symptoms

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12
Q

other than antibiotics, what other treatment may be given in severe tonsilitis?

A

steroid

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13
Q

what kind of neck lump is most commonly seen in older men?

A

pharyngeal pouch

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14
Q

what kind of neck lump moves upwards on swallowing?

A

goitre

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15
Q

what kind of neck lump usually present in the first 2 years of life?

A

cystic hygroma

benign congenital lymphatic lesion, most commonly located in left posterior triangle of neck

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16
Q

what kind of neck lump is the most common cause of neck swellings?

A

reactive lymphadenopathy

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17
Q

what kind of neck lump will rarely cause pain when drinking alcohol?

A

hodgkins disease (lymphoma)

RARE

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18
Q

what kind of neck lump is usually located between isthmus of thyroid + hyoid bone?

A

thyroglossal cyst

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19
Q

pulsatile lateral neck lump

A

carotid aneurysm

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20
Q

most common bacterial cause of a sore throat?

A

streptococcus pyogenes (group A strep)

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21
Q

organism that produces potent exotoxin

A

corynebacterium diptheriae

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22
Q

commonest cause of otitis externa

A

staph aureus

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23
Q

commonest cause of otitis media

A

haemophilus influenzae

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24
Q

At what vertebral level is the thyroid and hyoid cartilage located respectively?

A

thyroid cartilage = C4/5/6

hyoid cartilage = C3

cricoid cartilage = C6

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25
Q

4 features of labyrinthitis?

A

episodes of vertigo lasting days to weeks
may be associated with a viral infection
associated hearing loss or tinnitus
ay experience tinnitus on affected side

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26
Q

what strains does the HPV vaccine protect against?

A

6, 11, 16 + 18

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27
Q

what strains does the HPV vaccine protect against?

A

6, 11, 16 + 18

28
Q

which salivary gland is most likely to be affected by a tumour?

A

parotid - biggest gland, most likely benign

smaller glands more likely to be malignant

29
Q

why do head + neck patients experience more pain than in other cancers?

A

more nerve innervations, lots of referred pain

30
Q

at what stage of the WHO pain ladder are opiates considered

A

stage 2

31
Q

which medication is give to combat neuropathic pain?

A

amitriptyline (tricyclic antidepressant)

32
Q

most common site for head + neck cancer

A

larynx

33
Q

viral cause of respiratory papillomatous disease

A

HPV

34
Q

which virus plays a significant role in head + neck cancers?

A

HPV (16) - esp oropharyngeal

35
Q

in an emergency airway algorithm, what counts as a definitive airway?

A

tracheal intubation

tracheostomy

36
Q

what makes up Waldeyer’s ring?

A

tonsils, adenoids, lingual tonsil

37
Q

what are the symptoms in the CENTOR criteria?

A

history of fever
tonsillar exudates
absence of cough
tener anterior lymphadenopathy

38
Q

primary management of moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnoea in children caused by large tonsils?

A

surgery

39
Q

changes to skin over time

A

decrease in collagen tunover as well as elastin
volume of subcutaneous fat diminishes
skin thins
melanocytes decrease

40
Q

initial management of OME (glue ear) if first ENT clinic?

A

watch + wait, review in 3 months

41
Q

contraindication to rhinoplasty in scotland

A

recent changes to mental health

42
Q

what age would most people be considered for otoplasty (pinning ears)

A

from 6yrs old

43
Q

what antibiotics should be avoided when treating tonsilitis or glandular fever?

A

ampicillin
amoxicillin
co-amoxiclav

44
Q

main risk of tonsillectomy

A

bleeding

45
Q

when should nasal fracture be assessed to see if local manipulation is indicated

A

7-14days post injury

46
Q

36y/o 3 day history of stridor + fever, inital management?

A

start oxygen

47
Q

RTA, presents with battles sign

A

temporal bone fracture

48
Q

most important foreign body to rule out

A

battery

49
Q

percentage of acute rhinosinusitis thats viral

A

> 90%

50
Q

virus related to nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A

epstein barr virus

51
Q

anatimical cause of prominent pinna

A

lack/underdeveloped antihelical fold

prominent concha
protruding lobe

52
Q

nervee responsible for referred otalgia from oropharynx

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

53
Q

most useful investigation for neck mass of unknown origin

A

US fine needle aspirate

54
Q

most likely cause of parotid swelling mass

A

pleomorphic adenoma

55
Q

patient not improving after 3 days with otitis externa + conservative measures, next management?

A

topical sofradex

56
Q

type of hearing loss seen in patients with presbycusis

A

high frequency sensorineural hearing loss

57
Q

patient has a rinnes test that is positive on the right + negative on the left, with a webers going to the left. what is the likely hearing loss?

A

conductive on the left

58
Q

vertigo lasting minutes-hours, hx of migraines, management?

A

lifestyle + trigger avoidance

if not = triptans

59
Q

recurrent vertigo lasts for 3hrs to a day, assoc vomiting + aural fullness. audiogram shows low frequency hearing loss

A

meneires

60
Q

47 y/o man, 5 day hx of dizziness, N+V

A

vestibular neuritis (no hearing loss)

61
Q

67y/o right sided facial nerve palsy, grade 4 wealness but can still move forehead, what must be ruled out?

A

CVE - stroke

62
Q

tympanogram shows flat trace with high canal volume, what is this likely to indicate?

A

perforation

63
Q

8y/o with otorrhea + hearing loss, white keratin tissue seen on otoscope

A

cholesteatoma

64
Q

treatment for viral cause of hyposmia

A

smell retraining + support

65
Q

most common blood vessel in the nose that can be ligated in the surgical management of epistaxis?

A

sphenopalatine

66
Q

recurrent ear infections, on going discharge despite treatment with drops + tablets

A

cholesteatoma

67
Q

tendernesss + swelling behind ear, bulging tympanic membrane

A

mastoiditis

ENT (11 decks)

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