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ENT > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

which nerves innervate the external acoustic meatus?

A

CN V3 = superior part + most of tympanic membrane

CN X(vagus) = inferior part + a bit of tympanic membrane

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2
Q

shape of external acoustic meatus in kids vs adults?

A

kids = short + straight, pull posteroinferiorly to see

adult = curved, pull auricle posterosuperiorly

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3
Q

what type of joints are present in the middle ear?

A

synovial - allow for smooth movement

ossicles are suspended from tegmen tympani by ligaments
ossicles decrease in size lateral to medial - amplification

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4
Q

how does the stapes of the middle ear communciate with the inner ear?

A

oval window

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5
Q

2 muscles of middle ear + their innervations

A 
tensor tympani muscle (CN V3)
stapedius muscle (CN VII facial)

both play roles in the acoustic reflex

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6
Q

tensor tympani muscle

A

found in middle ear - runs from cartilaginous portion of eustachian tube to handle of malleus

dampens sound by reducing vibrations of tympanic membrane (reduces noise of chewing)

innervation = CN V3

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7
Q

stapedius muscle

A

found in middle ear - runs from pyramidal eminence to neck of stapes

dampens sound by reducing vibrations of stapes on oval window

innervation = CN VII (facial nerve)

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8
Q

how does atmospheric pressure compare to that of the middle ear? how is pressure equalised?

A

same pressure

palate muscles open the eustachian tube to equalise pressure

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9
Q

where does the eustachian tube open into? what innervates this area?

A

connects anterior wall of middle ear cavity to nasopharynx –> how otitis media spreads

innervation = CN IX glossopharyngeal (also supplies oropharynx)

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10
Q

what conveys general sensation to the tympanic cavity? describe the route of this ?

A

tympanic branch of CN IX
tympanic plexus lies over promontory (bump from cupula)

general sensory axons from tympanic plexus will pass down Eustachian tube

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11
Q

how can damage to tympanic area cause parotid gland dysfunction?

A

tympanic plexus (found in tympanic cavity) becomes the lesser petrosal nerve which is the parotid glands autonomic nerve supply

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12
Q

what is the clinical significance of the mastoid aditus?

A

provides surgical access to tympanic cavity - caution lies close to facial nerve canal

infection/inflammation can cause mastoiditis

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13
Q

location of matoid aditus

A

posterior wall of epitympanic recess in middle ear

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14
Q

what are the 2 labyrinths of the inner ear and how do they differ?

A

bony labrith - filled with PERIlymph, similar to extracellular fluid

membranous labyrinth - suspended within bony labyrinth, filled with ENDOlymph, similar to intracellular fluid

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15
Q

what is the helicotrema?

A

cochlear apex where the scala tympani + scala vestibule meet
(top/end of swirl)

communications between oval + round window

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16
Q

what part of the vestibular apparatus detects angular movement change?

A

semicircular ducts

  • anterior - nodding head, sagittal
  • lateral - shaking head, axial
  • posterior - ear to shoulder, coronal
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17
Q

what parts of the vestibular apparatus detects linear movement change?

A

utricle = horizontal

saccule = vertical

18
Q

what happens in the semicircular canals on head movement?

A

ampullae of the semicircular canals have internal crests with hair cell clusters

head movement moves hair cells RELATIVE TO the endolymph –> causes depolarisation

19
Q

what would happen if the cochlear nerve was cut, vestibular nerve was cut and the internal acoustic meatus blocked respectively?

A

Cut cochlear nerve = lose hearing
Cut vestibular = lose balance on that side
Block internal acoustic meatus = lose both

20
Q

what 3 things pass through the internal acoustic meatus?

A 
CN VII (facial nerve)
CN VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve)
labyrinthine artery (+veins)
--> from circle of Willis
21
Q

what 2 nerves does the chorda tympani connect?

A

facial + linguinal (CN V3 branch)

22
Q

course of chorda tympani

A

branches from facial nerve in facial canal
courses between incus + malleus
leaves tympanic cavity via petrotympanic fissure

23
Q

what does the greater petrosal nerve innervate?

A

the lacrimal gland

branch of facial nerve

24
Q

where do the preganglionic parasympathetic axons of the greater petrosal nerve synapse?

A

in the pterygopalatine ganglion

25
Q

damage to the greater petrosal nerve would cause what symtpoms?

A

dry eye

dry mucosa

26
Q

damage to proximal linguinal + proximal chorda tympani would cause what symptoms respectively?

A

proximal linguinal = dry mouth (secretkmotor supply)
proximal chorda tympani = lack of taste to anter 2/3 of tongue

damage to distal (where they join = loss of both

27
Q

where does facial nerve leave the temporal bone?

A

through stylomastoid foramen

28
Q

innervation of tongue

A

anterior 2/3

  • general sensory = CN V3
  • taste = CN VII

posterior 1/3
- general sensory + taste = CN IX

29
Q

where is the pterygopalatine fossa found?

A

between sphenoid bone + maxilla

30
Q

the greater petrosal and deep petrosal nerve combine to become what? what is this contained in?

A

the vidian nerve

found in the pterygoid canal

31
Q

what is the pterygopalatine ganglion?

A

parasympathetic ganglion of the facial nerve (CN VII)

32
Q

what part of the tongue is responsible for touch + temp (no taste buds)?

A

filiform papillae

33
Q

what is the area in the nose called where damage/perforation to this area would cause epistaxis?

A

Kiesselbach’s plexus (little’s area)

inputs from branches of opthalmic, maxillary + facial artery

34
Q

where does the ophthalmic artery branch from? what 2 branches of the ophthalmic artery contribute to epistaxis?

A

internal carotid

anterior + posterior ethmoidal arteries
–> pass through ethmoidal bone, both bilaterall arteries

35
Q

where does the maxillary artery branch from?

A

external carotid artery

36
Q

what 2 branches of the maxillary artery contribute to epistaxis? course of these arteries?

A

sphenopalatine artery - covers a lot of vomer bone

greater palatine artery
-> descending palatine artery then follows hard palate inferiorly moving anterior then up through hard palate to enter plexus

37
Q

what branch of the facial artery contributes to epistaxis?

A

septal branch of superior labial artery

external carotid -> facial -> superior labial

38
Q

5 inputs to Kiesselbach’s plexus

A 
ophthalmic
1. anterior ethmoidal
2. posterior ethmoidal
facial
3. septal branch of superior labial artery
maxillary
4. greater palatine
5. sphenopalatine
39
Q

describe the course of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

leaves CNS at upper medulla oblongata
passes through jugular foramen (hole beside magnum)

enters parapharyngeal space + lays on stylopharyngeus muscle (somatic motor supply to stylopharngeus)

40
Q

what passes throught the foramen ovale?

A

mandibular division of trigeminal nerve

41
Q

how do V1 + V2 differ from V3?

A

all do sensory innervation
ONLY V3 does motor as well - muscle of mastication

V1 - superior orbital fissure
V2 - foramen rotundum
V3 - foramen ovale

ENT (11 decks)

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