Question 3.

Question 1

Ethics: Between-Subjects

Answer 1

One ethical consideration is ensuring that random assignment does not result in unfair treatment or harm to participants. It’s essential to guarantee that the random assignment process is conducted fairly and does not systematically disadvantage certain participants based on characteristics such as race, gender, socioeconomic status, or other factors.

Question 2

Ethics: Matching Methodology

Answer 2

Matching methodology involves pairing participants in different experimental conditions based on specific criteria to create comparable groups. An ethical consideration is ensuring that the matching process does not lead to discrimination or bias against certain individuals or groups. Researchers must use objective and relevant criteria for matching participants to avoid perpetuating stereotypes or unfairly excluding certain individuals from participation.

Question 3

Ethics: Between-Participants: Post-test Only Comparison

Answer 3

In post-test only comparison designs, participants are randomly assigned to different experimental conditions, and outcomes are measured after the intervention. One ethical consideration is ensuring that participants receive appropriate debriefing and follow-up after the study, particularly if they were exposed to potentially distressing or uncomfortable conditions during the experiment. Researchers should provide participants with clear explanations of the study’s purpose, procedures, and any potential risks or benefits involved.

Question 4

Ethics: Experimental Between-Participants: Pretest-Posttest Control

Answer 4

In pretest-posttest control group designs, participants are randomly assigned to experimental and control groups, and outcomes are measured before and after the intervention. An ethical consideration is ensuring that participants in the control group receive appropriate care or alternative interventions if the experimental intervention is found to be effective. Researchers should prioritize participants’ well-being and ensure that they are not disadvantaged or denied access to beneficial treatments.

Question 5

Ethics: Solomon Four Group Design

Answer 5

Participants in both experimental and control groups should be treated fairly and equitably throughout the study. Random assignment to different experimental conditions should be conducted in a manner that avoids bias or discrimination, ensuring that participants have an equal chance of being assigned to any group.

Question 6

Ethics: Repeated Measures Design

Answer 6

participants are exposed to multiple conditions or measurements over time. An ethical consideration is ensuring that repeated exposure to experimental conditions does not cause undue stress, discomfort, or harm to participants. Researchers should monitor participants’ well-being throughout the study and provide appropriate support or debriefing if necessary. Additionally, researchers should minimize the burden on participants by designing experiments that are as non-intrusive as possible.

Question 7

Ethics: Single N

Answer 7

researchers study the effects of interventions on individual participants. One ethical consideration is ensuring that interventions are implemented in a manner that respects participants’ autonomy, dignity, and rights. Researchers should obtain informed consent from participants and involve them in the decision-making process regarding their treatment. Additionally, researchers should monitor participants’ responses to interventions closely and adjust or terminate interventions if they are found to be ineffective or harmful.

Question 8

Ethics: Correlational Research (Observational

Answer 8

1. (Covert: Participants do not know they are being observed): should be informed of the study a the study’s purpose.
2. Be careful about making claims about causation instead of correlation.

Question 9

Ethics: Correlational Research (Survey Research)

Answer 9

1. Protection of Privacy
2. Avoidance of Coercion: Participants should not be coerced or pressured into participating in the survey, and their decision to participate should be voluntary.
3. Respect for Autonomy: Participants should have the freedom to skip questions or decline to answer any questions they are uncomfortable with.

Question 10

Ethics: Archival Research

Answer 10

1. Data Integrity: Researchers should accurately represent and interpret data obtained from archival sources, avoiding manipulation or distortion of information.
2. Attribution: Researchers should properly attribute sources and give credit to the creators or owners of archival materials used in the study.

Question 11

Ethics: Case Studies

Answer 11

1. Informed Consent: Participants should provide informed consent, understanding the purpose of the case study, how their information will be used, and any potential risks or benefits.
2. Confidentiality: Researchers must protect the confidentiality of participants’ identities and sensitive information disclosed during the case study.
3. Respect for Autonomy: Participants should have the opportunity to review and approve any findings or conclusions drawn from the case study, ensuring that their perspectives are accurately represented.

Question 12

Ethics: Natural Experiments

Answer 12

1. Transparency: Researchers should be transparent about the purpose and methods of the study, providing clear explanations of how natural events or conditions are being studied and the potential implications for participants.
2. Avoidance of Harm: Researchers should ensure that participants are not exposed to undue harm or risk as a result of naturally occurring events or conditions studied in the research.