Question 2 - Theories Flashcards
1
Q
Multidimensional Theory
A
- Theory of anxiety
- Cognitive anxiety has a negative linear relationship with performance (as it increases performance decreases
- Somatic anxiety has an inverted U relationship with performance (somatic anxiety improves performance up to an optimal point)
2
Q
Inverted U Theory
A
- A theory of arousal
- Optimal performance occurs when the performer reaches an optimal level of arousal
- Low or high arousal leads to decreased performance
3
Q
Catastrophe Theory
A
- A theory of arousal
- Theory suggesting that increased arousal improves performance to an optimal point but there is a dramatic reduction in performance when arousal increases beyond the optimal point
- A large decrease in arousal is needed to start returning to better performance
4
Q
Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning (IZOF)
A
- Theory of arousal
- This theory states that the optimal level of arousal may vary, ranging from very low to very high for different individuals
5
Q
Self-efficacy Theory
A
- Theory of self-efficacy/confidence
- 4 factors which provide efficacy/confidence
- Performance accomplishments (what you have done before) vicarious experiences (gained from others) verbal persuasion (encouragement from a coach/teammate) and emotional arousal (positive interpretation of arousal levels)
6
Q
Achievement Goal Theory (AGT)
A
- Theory of motivation
- Proposes motivation can be driven by goals
- Divides people as either task or ego orientated
- Task: Focused on improving their own ability, look for a challenge and measure success against themselves
- Ego: Focused on winning, avoid challenges and compare their success against others
7
Q
Attribution Theory
A
- Theory of motivation
- Explains how people explain success and failure
- Causality (internal/external factors)
- Stability (stable/unstable)
8
Q
Self-determination Theory
A
- Theory of motivation
- Proposes motivation is influenced by three main factors (autonomy, competence, relatedness
- Autonomy: Relates to having choice/control
- Competence: Relates to completing a task successfully
- Relatedness: Relates to having good relationships with others such as the coach/teammates)
9
Q
Dweck’s Mindset Theory
A
- Theory of Mindset
- Divides people into growth and fixed mindsets
- Growth mindsets have a belief that effort can change levels of ability, they welcome feedback and embrace challenges
- Fixed mindsets have a belief that talent is set in stone (fixed) so no amount of effort can see you improve from your highest point. They avoid feedback and challenges
10
Q
Tuckman’s Group Development Theory
A
- A theory of group dynamics specifically how groups are formed and develop
- Forming: The group come together and assess each other strengths and weaknesses
- Storming: Conflict and rebellion occurs, and people try to establish their roles and positions in the group
- Norming: Cooperation and solidarity as the group starts to work towards common goals
- Performing: The group starts to progress and function effectively
11
Q
Ringelmann Effect
A
- Theory of group dynamics
- This theory suggests as group size INCREASES, the productivity of individuals within the group DECREASES
- The bigger the size of group the bigger the decrease in productivity percentage
12
Q
Carron’s Model of Cohesion
A
- A model that describes how a number of factors, including environmental, personal, team, and leadership, influence the development of team cohesion
- Environmental factors: Factors which bind people such as location and the size of group
- Personal factors: Similarity of the group in relation to aims, values and aspirations
- Leadership factors: Behaviour of the coach/leader in helping develop cohesion
- Team factors: Relates to the group in terms of abilities, roles and if the group has spent a long time together
13
Q
Chelladurai’s Multidimensional Theory of Leadership
A
- Theory of leadership
- Actual leadership behaviour is influenced by situational characteristics, leader characteristics and group characteristics
- Situational characteristics (environment, type of task), Leader characteristics (style of leadership), Group characteristics (players preferred leadership style)
14
Q
Instinct Theory
A
- Theory of aggression
- Individuals are BORN with a drive to be aggressive - Innate.
- Will be aggressive in ALL situations including sport.
- Sport will often make these people more aggressive
- However, the theory suggests that performers use sport as a means of catharsis
15
Q
Social Learning Theory
A
- Theory of aggression
- Suggests that aggressive (and non-aggressive) behaviours are learned through observation, imitation (modelling) and reinforcement
- Aggression is more likely to be copied if the performer being observed is of high status
