Question 1 - Factors Flashcards
Define arousal?
A blend of physiological and psychological activity in a person, and it refers to the intensity dimensions of motivation at a particular moment
Explain anxiety
Trait anxiety is a relatively stable and enduring disposition to feel stress worry and discomfort.
State anxiety is moment to moment changes in anxiety
Cognitive anxiety is the psychological component such as worry, nervousness and apprehension
Somatic anxiety is the physiological component such as butterflies, muscle tension and feeling sick
What are the effects of arousal on performance?
changes in attentional focus
increase in stress and anxiety
flow states
choking
Explain stress
Eustress is a good form of stress. It increases intrinsic motivation and focus and can lead to improved performance
Distress is bad stress and can lead to increased anxiety and poorer performance
Define stress
The imbalance between demand and response capability where failure has important consequences
Explain arousal
Arousal can vary on a continuum from deep sleep to high excitement. The level of arousal will impact on performance, too high can lead to higher levels of anxiety, choking and a narrow attentional focus. Too low can lead to a lack of motivation and focus
Define anxiety
Feelings of nervousness, worry and apprehension associated with activation or arousal of the body
What are the effects of stress and anxiety on performance?
Negative effects:
Negative mental state
Possible injury
Aggression
Positive effects:
Helps an athlete to focus
Can increase motivation
Can increase focus
What are the effects (4) of over motivation on performance?
Over-confidence
Decrease in performance
Injury
Burnout
Define over motivation
When motivation levels can become too high, even dangerous
Explain over motivation
Over-motivation can lead to the athlete overtraining because of the pressure to perform at a high level, training addiction and social withdrawal
Define motivation
The direction and intensity of one’s effort
Explain motivation
Extrinsic motivation relates to those who engage in the activity because of the valued outcome such as money, praise and trophies
Intrinsic motivation relates to those who engage for the love of doing something. Intrinsic motivation consists of stimulation, knowledge and accomplishments
What are the effects of motivation on performance
Increased motivation leads to increased effort, persistence and performance
Define self-confidence
The belief that you can successfully perform a desired task or behaviour
Explain self-confidence
Self-confidence can either be low, over or optimal. Low self-confidence ca lead to a lack of belief and over confidence can lead to an unrealistic perception of ability
What are the effects of self-confidence on performance
- Arouses positive emotions
- Positive impact on game strategy
- Improved concentration
Define mindset
A psychological attitude that determines how you will interpret and respond to situations
Explain mindset
Dweck’s theory explores ‘fixed’ and ‘growth’ mind-sets which can be applied to sport environments. A fixed mindset believe that their qualities are set in stone e.g. intelligence and talent. A growth mindset recognise that dedication and effort are the way to master skills.
What are the effects of mindset on performance
A fixed mindset can avoid challenges, give up easily when faced who difficult challenges and react badly when faced with difficult periods. A growth mindset can rise to the challenge, be resilient and keep going, even when things are tough.
Define group dynamics
Group dynamics refers to how a group comes together, works together and motivates itself
Explain group dynamics
Coactive teams require individuals to achieve success in their individual games, events or performances to achieve overall team success. teams require team members to work with each other in order to achieve a successful performance.
Steiner’s model proposes actual productivity = potential productivity - losses due to faulty processes (motivation and coordination losses)
What are the effects of group dynamics on performance?
Task cohesion leads to the sharing of goals and objectives which can increase focus and performance. Social cohesion can lead to increased enjoyment which can lead to increased effort
Define leadership
the process of influencing individuals and groups towards set goals
Explain leadership
PRESCRIBED - Those leaders who are appointed by some form of higher authority
EMERGENT - Those who achieve leadership status by gaining the respect and support of the group. These leaders generally achieve their status by showing specific leadership skills or being particularly skillful at their sport
Autocratic and democratic
Impact of leadership on performance
Emergent leaders can already have a good understanding of the group
Appointed leaders may have fresh innovative strategies which motivate the group
Autocratic can be useful for beginners and dangerous activities
Democratic can be useful for experienced athletes and help develop group ownership
Define over motivation
When motivation levels become too high and even dangerous
Explain over motivation
Over-motivation can lead to the athlete overtraining because of the pressure to perform at a high level. This can lead to a number of physical and psychological issues for the athlete. Signs of over motivation include social withdrawal, training addiction and overtraining
Impact of over motivation
Burnout - Psychological & Physiological
Over confidence
Injury - Due to excessive training load
Decrease in performance
Define motivational climate
Environmental factors which have a positive or negative impact on ana individual’s or group’s motivation
Define cohesion
The feeling of attraction between group members, and the degree to which members concentrate their efforts to achieve group goals
Explain cohesion
- Social cohesion: Interaction of players and their interpersonal relationships (like each other & get on well socially).
- Task Cohesion: Where players work together to achieve common goals and objectives. Each player understands and fulfils their role effectively
- Task cohesion has the biggest positive impact on performance
Impact of cohesion on performance
- Task cohesion provides motivation as all members of the team will work hard to achieve their goals. It also impacts on how the group coordinates itself during competition
- Social cohesion can increase the enjoyment the group has which can also have a positive impact on motivation
