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Dr. Romano > Question 100-200 > Flashcards

Question 100-200 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following does occur in the presence of parathyroid hormone?

A. Removal of calcium from bone
B. Removal of calcium through the GI
C. Removal of calcium from the liver
D. Removal of calcium from the kidneys

A

A. Removal of calcium from bone

The parathyroid gland is a small endocrine gland that is found on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. Humans usually have four parathyroid glands. These glands are responsible for making and secreting parathyroid hormone in response to decreased plasma calcium levels. The chief cells of the gland secrete parathyroid hormone. PTH is one of the few main hormones that are used to regulate calcium and phosphate metabolism, and thus is involved in the process of bone remodeling. PTH will increase the plasma-calcium levels, and decrease the plasma-phosphate levels. Calcium levels are increased due to an increase in bone breakdown caused by PTH. PTH works in three ways. First is it increases the removal of calcium from bone storage and increases the absorption of calcium by the GI tract. Second, PTH acts on the kidneys to decrease calcium excretion and increase the excretion of phosphate in the urine. Lastly it increases vitamin D production in the kidney, which in turn will increase the GI tracts ability to absorb calcium.
NOTE: Bone breakdown due to PTH is often first seen in head and neck radiographs in the dental office. If a person is deficient in calcium in their diet, PTH production and bone resorption will occur.

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2
Q

Primitive heterotrophic organisms were able to get their food source directly in large part from

A. UV light
B. The sun
C. Primordial Soup
D. Autotrophs

A

C. Primordial Soup

The primordial soup or organic soup is a hypothesized soup of organic substances that the heterotrophs were able to compete and evolve by.

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3
Q

Proteins are polymers of Amino Acids. What type of bond is between each amino acid in a chain

A. Hydrogen Bonds
B. Ionic Bonds
C. Peptide Bonds
D. Covalent Bonds
E. C & D
A

E. C & D

The bond between each amino acid in a protein is called a peptide bond. A peptide bond is simply the specific name of a covalent bond between two amino acids, thus the answer is both peptide and covalent—E.

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4
Q

Which of the following is part of the male and female urinary tract as well as the male reproductive tract?

A. Urethra
B. Vas Deferens
C. Bulbourethral gland
D. Cervix
E. None of the above
A

A. Urethra

Female anatomy has separate reproductive and urinary tracts, whereas male anatomy converges into one tract. The Urethra is common to the male reproductive and urinary tract as well as the female urinary tract. The vas deferens and bulbourethral glands are specific to the male reproductive tract. The Cervix is specific to the female reproductive tract.

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5
Q

Although arteries in general carry oxygenated blood, which artery carries deoxygenated blood

A. Right pulmonary artery
B. Left pulmonary artery
C. Superior Vena Cava
D. Left Ventricle
E. More than one above
A

E. More than one above

Although arteries in general carry oxygenated blood, the pulmonary arteries (both right and left) carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs. In returning back to the heart, the right and left pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood back. This is the one instance where veins carry oxygenated blood rather than deoxygenated. Just think about pulmonary arteries and veins as being the two exceptions in the circulatory system.

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6
Q

Chemical evolution was said to have finalized when

A. The Primordial Soup formed
B. The ozone layer formed
C. Autotrophs formed from heterotrophs
D. The atmosphere formed
E. Eukaryotes formed
A

B. The ozone layer formed

When the ozone layer formed, chemical evolution came to a stop because the newly synthesized oxygen with its ozone layer prevented the UV light from synthesizing new substances.

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7
Q

Nuclear Division involves the division of:

A. The Cytoplasm
B. The Cytosol
C. Cytochromes
D. DNA
E. All of the above
A

D. DNA

Cytokinesis involves the division of the cytoplasm, whereas nuclear division involves the division of DNA or genetic information/material. Just think about the “cyto”plasm when you hear the word “cyto”kinesis, and nucleus (DNA) when you hear the word nuclear divison.

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8
Q

The Krebs cycle produces 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP, what is the total ATP yield from these products?

A. 30
B. 32
C. 10
D. 16
E. 20
A

E. 20

NADH = 2.5ATP
FADH2 = 1.5 ATP
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9
Q

Cholesterol molecules that are distributed throughout the phospholipid bilayer provide rigidity in the plasma membrane of animal cells. What type of related molecule provides a similar function in plant cells

A. Sterols
B. Steroids
C. Glycocalyx
D. Proteins
E. Sugar
A

A. Sterols

In plant cells, sterols provide rigidity in the plasma membrane. They are steroid alcohols that occur naturally in plant cells.

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10
Q

Which of the following species have different embryonic development than the others

A. Humans
B. Pigs
C. Fish
D. Chickens
E. All of the above have similar embryonic development
A

E. All of the above have similar embryonic development

Humans, Pigs, Fish, and chickens all of similar embryonic development, which is often cited as a reason why they have evolved from a common ancestor.

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11
Q

The pH and electrical difference that is built up across the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts is comparable to the pH and electrical difference that is built up across the _________ of mitochondria

A. Phospholipid membrane
B. Cellular Membrane
C. Outer compartment
D. Crista Membrane
E. Mitochondrial Membrane
A

D. Crista Membrane

The protons are accumulated in the outer compartment, but the pH and electrical difference occurs across the crista membrane.

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12
Q

In an annelid’s digestive system, they have a _______, which is a thick grinding structure

A. Liver
B. Pharynx
C. Gizzard
D. Crop
E. Esophagus
A

C. Gizzard

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13
Q

Which of the following is defined as the release of an egg into the fallopian tubes?

A. Maturation
B. Ovulation
C. Gestation
D. menstruation

A

B. Ovulation

Oral birth control pills are synthetically derived female sex hormones, that when taken by women prevent pregnancy. Most pills are a combination of estrogen-like and progesterone-like hormones.

When these hormones are found in abundance, the body cannot release luteinizing hormone. As we know from the study of the ovulation cycle, the LH surge is responsible for the release of the egg from the ovaries known as ovulation. This prevention of LH is controlled by the hypothalamus responding to the increase in estrogen and progesterone-like hormones. These hormones are found high in abundance during true pregnancy, explaining why ovulation does not occur during pregnancy. It is important to know that LH is released from the basophils of the anterior pituitary gland.

NOTE- 1- Synthetic hormones are required, because natural female sex hormones are destroyed very quickly in the liver. 2- Unlike other steroid hormones, all estrogens have an aromatic A ring.

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14
Q

What two hormones do birth control pills consist of and how does this effect LH?

A

Estrogen and progesteron

When these hormones are found in abundance, the body cannot release LH.

LH surge is responsible for the release of the egg from the ovaries known as ovulation.

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15
Q

LH is released from ________ of the anterior pituitary.

A

Basophils

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16
Q

Which of the following is/are different between C4 and C3 photosynthesis

A. The overall efficiency
B. The number of carbon atoms in the first product
C. The energy requirements
D. The enzymes involved
E. All of the above are differences
A

E. All of the above are differences

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17
Q

What are the main differences between C3, C4 and CAM photosynthesis?

  • daytime / nighttime
  • number of carbon molecules
  • location of photosynthesis
  • types of plants
A

Daytime / Nighttime:
- CAM does photosynthesis at NIGHT

Number of carbon molecules:

  • C3 = 3 carbon molecules
  • C4 = 4 carbon molecules

Location of photosynthesis:

  • C3 and CAM = mesophyl
  • C4 = Bundle sheath cell
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18
Q

The nuclear envelope is a _________ _________

A. Nucleic layer
B. Carbohydrate bilayer
C. Phospholipid bilayer
D. Carbohydrate layer
E. Protein Bilayer
A

C. Phospholipid bilayer

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19
Q

Which hormone is primarily involved in the function of the pancreas and gallbladder

A. Gastrin
B. Secretin
C. Pepsin
D. Cholecystokinin
E. Amylase
A

D. Cholecystokinin (CCK)

In regards to the gallbladder, it helps trigger the proper release of bile throughout the body, and also the proper release of enzymes in the pancreas.

Remember that the gall bladder functions with the pancreas and bile is transported from the bile duct to the pancreatic duct.

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20
Q

Which of the following is not an example of a steroid hormone?

A. Cortisol
B. Estrogen
C. Testosterone
D. Insulin

A

D. Insulin

Most of the hormones in the body are polypeptide or protein hormones. There are steroid hormones, but they are not near as common. Protein and polypeptide hormones are made in the cells on the rough ER. The original protein is generally large and inactive, and with the help of enzymes, the protein is cleaved into a prohormone, which is then packaged into a vesicle and transported throughout the body. Protein and polypeptide hormones include- GH, TSH, FSH, LH, PTH, Prolactin, ADH, oxytocin, insulin, and glucagon.

Steroid hormones are formed from cholesterol and they are lipid soluble. Steroid hormones are not stored, and thus must be utilized quickly due to rapid metabolism. Comon steroid hormones are cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.

NOTE: Epinephrine and norepinephrine are nucleic acid hormones formed from tyrosine.

21
Q

What type of hormones are epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are nucleic acid hormones formed from tyrosine

22
Q

FSH is all of the following EXCEPT

A. a tropic hormone
B. regulated by the hypothalamus
C. is secreted by basophils
D. a steriod hormone
E. all of the above are true regarding FSH
F. found in the anterior pituitary
A

D. a steriod hormone

23
Q

What hormones do Acidophils and Basophils secrete?

A

Acidophils = GH, Prolactin

Basophils = TSH, FSH, LH, and ACTH

24
Q

The peppered moth theory is an example of

A. Sexual Selection
B. Directional Selection
C. Disruptive Selection
D. Negative Selection
E. Stabilizing selection
A

B. Directional Selection

25
Q

In parallel evolution

A. Species evolve similarly
B. Species evolve under similar circumstances
C. Species share a common ancestor
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

In parallel evolution species share a common ancestor, species evolve similarly, and species evolve under similar circumstances.

26
Q

What 3 things occur under parallel evolution?

A
  1. species share a common ancestor
  2. species evolve similarly
  3. species evolve under similar circumstances
27
Q

Another name for Microtubule Organizing Centers in animals is

A. Centrioles
B. Centrosomes
C. Chromosomes
D. Chromatids
E. Chromatin
A

B. Centrosomes

Another name for Microtubule Organizing Centers in animals is centrosomes. Microtubules are produced within the centrosomes.

*Note, the centrosome contains a pair of centrioles, but the MTOC refers to the centrosome system, not the centrioles. Individual centrioles may be isolated in the cytoplasm, in which case they are not referred to as a ‘centrosome’ until they organize into a pair of centrioles surrounded by a mass of protein (PCM). The MTOC (=centrosome) refers to a pair of centrioles + PCM.

28
Q

After a cell goes through mitosis, each chromosome will have _____ the amount of chromatids

A. Double
B. ½
C. ¼
D. Same
E. 1/8
A

B. ½

After a cell goes through mitosis, each chromosome will have ½ the amount of chromatids. Remember that while each chromosome might start mitosis as a pair of chromatids, each daughter cell has half the number of chromatids as the parent. The chromatids are not copied until interphase.

29
Q

What is the chief advantage of CAM photosynthesis over other forms of photosynthesis

A. It requires less energy than other forms
B. It uses bundle sheath cells to restrict oxygen fixation
C. Because of the storage of Malic Acid, photosynthesis can proceed with the stomata closed
E. All of the Above
F. None of the Above

A

C. Because of the storage of Malic Acid, photosynthesis can proceed with the stomata closed

30
Q

The stomach secretes ________, which aids in the physical and chemical breakdown of food, storing, mixing, and release

A. Gastric Acid
B. Chyme
C. Bile
D. Pepsin

A

A. Gastric Acid

31
Q

Which of the following is not a type of postzygotic isolation?

A. Mechanical Isolation
B. Hybrid Breakdown
C. Hybrid Sterility
D. Hybrid Inviability
E. More than one of the above
A

A. Mechanical Isolation

Mechanical Isolation is not a type of postzygotic isolation, but rather a type of prezygotic isolation. A common example of mechanical isolation is when flowers will be incompatible with specific pollinators. This mechanism will prevent fertilization.

32
Q

The name of the gill cover for fish is known as the:

A. Alveolus
B. Spiracle
C. Operculum
D. Lungs
E. Epiglottis
A

C. Operculum

Water enters the fish through their mouth, crosses over the gills and the exits via the operculum.

33
Q

Which of the following would one expect to be the most acidic

A. Stroma
B. Thylakoid Compartment
C. Neutral pH
D. pH 14

A

B. Thylakoid Compartment

Remember that the inside of the thylakoid accumulates hydrogen ions from the splitting of water in photolysis. Thus is would have more hydrogen ions or a lower pH. The outside of the thylakoid known as the stroma is less acidic or more basic because it essentially transports hydrogen ions back to the thylakoid membrane to aid in the production of energy rich products such as NADPH and ATP. A pH of 14 is not acidic, thus the answer is the thylakoid compartment.

34
Q

Glucose and galactose are joined together to form lactose by what type of linkage

A. Condensation
B. Dehydration
C. Peptide
D. Glycosidic
E. Hydrogen
A

D. Glycosidic

When two sugar molecules are joined together, it is important to know a few things about the joining bond. First, the name of the bond is called a glycosidic linkage. The key word in the question is linkage. A peptide bond is referring to the linkage in amino acids, hydrogen bonding is a chemical bond consisting of Hydrogen bonded to F, O, or N. Condensation is a type of reaction that involves the loss of a simple molecule, if that simple molecule is water then it is specifically called a dehydration reaction.

35
Q

During the process of Chemiosmosis, what accumulates inside thylakoids?

A. ATP
B. NADPH
C. Protons
D. Electrons
E. Glucose
A

C. Protons

Protons or H+ ions accumulate inside thyalkoids (the thylakoid compartment) during the process of chemiosmosis. The hydrogen ions come primarily from photolysis, and drive the basics of ATP production which are eventually used in the Calvin Benson Cycle. The pH on the in the thylakoid compartment is 1000 times more acidic than the outside stroma.

36
Q

Evolutionists cite all of the following as evidence for evolution with the exception of

A. A worldwide flood
B. Paleontology
C. Species distribution
D. Comparative Homologous structures
E. Comparative Analogous structures
A

A. A worldwide flood

Evolutionists cite paleontology, species distribution, and comparative analogous and homologous structures all as evidence for evolution. A worldwide flood is not cited as a reason for the support of evolution.

37
Q

What are the 4 things evolutionist cite?

A
  1. paleontology
  2. species distribution
  3. comparative analogous structures
  4. comparative homologous structures
38
Q

A patient needs a blood transfusion and has AB- Blood. Which blood type would be incompatible for a transfusion?

A. None of the above
B. A-
C. B-
D. O+
E. O-
A

D. O+

A patient’s blood type determines which antigens are present on their RBC’s. For whatever antigen is not present on the RBC there will be an antibody produced. In this case the patient has AB- blood, meaning they will have the A and B antigens present and they will produce the Anti RH Antibody because the blood is negative. Since these are the only antibodies present the host blood will only be incompatible with any RH+ blood that is transfused. This is why the correct answer is O+ blood. All the other blood types would work.

39
Q

What type of vacuole when filled up helps maintain rigidity of the cell by means of exerting turgor or pressure on the walls of the cells?

A. Storage Vacuoles
B. Contractile Vacuoles
C. Food Vacuoles
D. Central Vacuoles

A

D. Central Vacuoles

Another function of central vacuoles in cells is that they do things in plants that are similar to lysosomes in animal cells.

40
Q

What do animals have that plants dont?

A

lysosomes and centrioles

Plants dont have lysosomes they have vacuoles

41
Q

What is the difference between plasmolysis and cytolysis?

A

Plasmolysis is when a cell collapses due to water moving out of the cell; this occurs when it is put in a hypertonic (high solute) concentration

42
Q

Centrioles and basal bodies are both made up of __________?

A. 9 triplets arranged in a circle
B. 9+2 arrangement of microtubules
C. 6+2 arrangement of microtubules
D. 9 doublets arranged in a circle

A

A. 9 triplets arranged in a circle

Cilia and flagella are the “9 + 2”

43
Q

What are centrioles and basal bodies involved in?

A

organizing centers for microtubules

44
Q

What occurs first in a blood clot?

A. Prothrombin –> thrombin
B. Fibrinogen –> fibrin

A

Thrombin activates the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

45
Q

What is the final product of Aerobic Respiration

A. Carbon Dioxide
B. Water
C. Oxygen
D. Glucose
E. ATP
A

B. Water

The final product of Aerobic Respiration is water. The oxygen which acts as a final electron acceptor for the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation, accepts 2H+’s and 2 electrons to combine and form the product water.

46
Q

Steroids are lipids that are characterized as having a backbone of how many linked carbon rings

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5
A

D. 4

47
Q

At the time when cells begin to divide, the chromatin begins to condense into bodies that are rod shaped called _________

A. Nucleosomes
B. Histones
C. RNA
D. Chromosomes
E. Ribosomes
A

D. Chromosomes

Chromatin condenses into Chromosomes

48
Q

Spiders have a special type of _______, which they use for gas exchang

A. Tracheae
B. Gills
C. Lungs
D. Mitochondria

A

C. Lungs

Spiders have book lungs

Dr. Romano (4 decks)

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