BIO DAT Flashcards
Energy can be put into two categories (DAT favorite!):
a) Kinetic: energy of motion (e.g. blood flows)
b) Potential: energy that is stored (e.g. glycogen)
ATP allows
_____(endergonic/exergonic)_____ reactions to become
____(endergonic/exergonic)____.
Endergonic ——ATP—-> Exergonic
If you radio-label a S atom, what would it most likely end up in?
A. Carbohydrate
B. Protein
C. Lipid
B. Protein
Proteins contain C, H N, O, S
Which 3 amino acids are hydrophobic?
LIV “you need organic molecules to live”
Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine
Which 3 amino acids are hydrophilic?
LAG
- “if you don’t learn this shit you’re gonna lag getting into dental school”
Lysine (contains NH bond) Aspartic acid (aspartate) (contains OH) Glutamic acid (glutamate( (also contains OH)
How much free rotation do a polypeptide chain of amino acids have?
Very important DAT concept:
Very little
-Steric Hinderance cause the trans conformation to be more stable than cis
What 2 important biological molecules does sugar-phosphate “backbone” form the structural framework for?
DNA and RNA
“Know that for the DAT, you may thank me one day!”
What is the monomer of nucleic acids(many nucleotides) that connects the sugars of each nucleotide together?
Phosphodiester bonds
*nucleotides are linked together by phosphodiester bonds
What two organs contain the most mitochondria?
Heart > Kidneys»_space;» everything else
What 2 WBCs are loaded with lysosomes?
Macrophages and Neutrophils
-macrophages and neutrophils do a lot of phagocytosis
“Know that for the DAT, you may thank me one day!”
What are the 3 sections of the Golgi and what occurs at each?
Cis golgi —> molecules go in
Trans golgi —> molecules go outward
Main golgi —> molecules get processed
How and where are lysosomes formed?
lysosomes are formed by budding from the golgi complex
Budding: new individual splits off from existing one (hydra)
“A favorite DAT question”
What are many of the cells polysaccharides made by/from?
Golgi and glycosaminoglycans of the extracellular matrix
Part of which organelle is continuous (connected) with the nuclear envelope?
the Rough ER
“Know this for the DAT exam”
What is the difference between heterochromatin and euchromatin?
Heterochromatin = not actively transcribing because it’s Condensed (Dark stained cells in DNA)
Euchromatin = is lighter color and actively transcribing cells in DNA because it’s loosely packed
(both are near the nuclear)
What is the “mitotic poison” that messes up microtubules and halts mitosis?
colchicine
What are cilia and flagella composed of?
microtubules and motor proteins used for movement
What molecular motor enzymes can walk along microtubules and are responsible for the bending movements of cilia and flagella?
Dynein “walking” is responsible for the bending movements of cilia and flagella
and Kinesins
What is the pattern of the flagella and cilia?
“9+2” array
microtubules are arranged in 9 pairs (mm-mm-mm-mm-mm-mm-mm-mm-mm)
you can observe this using a transmission electron microsope
“A sure bet to appear on the DAT!!!”
What enzyme is used in the first step of glycolysis and what is the duty of this enzyme?
Kinase - catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from a high energy molecule such as ATP.
“This is an important point”
What type of enzyme can make a glucose into a fructose?
Isomerase - changes a molecule into its isomer
What type of enzyme catalyzes rxns forming NADH and FADH2 from NAD+ and FAD+?
Dehydrogenase
“If you see NAD+, NADH, FAD, FADH2… you are most likely dealing with a hydrogenase”
“A must have name for the DAT exam”
What is the bottom line thing you need to understand about what acetyl CoA does for us?
the TCA cycle dismantles acetyl groups converting them into CO2 and H- and H+ into the ETC to produce ATP
“essential to know”
Acetyl CoA contains what functional group?
Thioester
What percentage of ATP is generated from the ETC?
90%
What does CoQ or Ubiqunione participate in?
lipid soluble carrier in the ETC
What mammals contain high amounts of myoglobin and what does this give them the ability to do?
Wales and Seals- contain a lot of myoglobin which allow them to hold their breath for an extended time under water
“This is a favorite DAT-type question!!”
Are globular protein hydrophobic or hydrophilic and are they H2O soluble?
Globular proteins = hydrophilic, water soluble
Myoglobin/ hemoglobin curves:
What is BPG and which way does it shift the Hb curve?
BPG (2,3-DPG) shift the Hb curve to the right
O2 dumps off more easily when BPG is around
Low pH = shift to the right = Hb dumped off O2
In Sickle Cell Anemia a glutamic acid is converted to valine; where on hemoglobin did the mutation occur?
hemoglobin B-chain
(beta-chain)
“A favorite DAT question!!”
What is the duty of Kinetichores?
kinetichore- a protein structure attached to the centromere that links the sister chromatids to the mitotic spindle
If 2N = 4,
how many chromosomes are there at metaphase?
how many chromatids?
how many chromosomes are there at anaphase?
how many chromatids?
Metaphase: 4 chromosomes, 8 chromatids
Anaphase: 8 chromosomes, 7 chromatids
What are the definition of:
Somatic cells: Gametes: Genome: Aster: Spindle: Zygote:
Somatic cells: all cells except reproductive cells
Gametes: eggs or sperm cells
Genome: the genetic info in a cell
Aster: an array of microtubules that extends from each centrosome
Spindle: made up of proteins and microtubules; the spindle includes centrosomes, asters and microtubules
Zygote: fertilized egg cell (2N)
Deuterostomes include: (2 examples)
Protostomes inclue: (3 examples)
Deuterstomes: first opening forms the anus
(chordates and echinoderms)
Protostomes: first opening forms the mouth
(mollusks, arthropods, and annelids)
What does the notochord in humans become?
a gelatinous disk found between vertebrae
Even though Tunicates and amphioxus are classified as chordates, they are ______________.
invertebrates
The wing of a butterfly and the wing of a bird represent ____________ structures.
analagous
What are the important bacterial diseases I should know for the DAT?
GLASSS
Gonorrhea Leprosy Anthrax Sepsis Syphilis Salmonella (food poisoning)
What is Mycology?
the study of fungi
What is a lichen?
the mutualistic association of a fungus and cyanobacterium or photosynthetic alga such as green algae
If you see “mycetes” on the DAT, what are you most likely dealing with?
Fungi = mycetes
What are the 2 endosymbionts?
mitochondria and chloroplasts cause they have their own DNA
A nucleic acid is a ______ made from monomeric units called _________.
A nucleic acid is a ___polymers___ made from monomeric units called ___nucleotides______.
Which famous experiment concluded that DNA and NOT protein is the actual genetic info?
Hershey-Chase experiment
What famous experiment concluded that DNA from a dead pathogenic bacteria could cause non-pathogenic bacteria to transform into pathogenic bacteria?
Fed-Griffith Transformation Experiment
Which famous experiment confirmed that DNA is indeed genetic material?
Avery-McCarty-Macleod Experiment
Why does alkaline conditions partially denature (i.e. unwinds DNA in certain areas) the helix?
Increasing pH causes deprotonation resulting in negatively charged atoms the repel away from each other, which is what causes the unwinding
Would the regions that unwind be richer in A = T or C ≡ G? Why?
Between A = T and C ≡ G the H-bonds help to “counter” the unwinding, but since C ≡ G has three H-bonds it will be stronger than A = T since it only has two H-bonds, thus a region richer in C ≡ G would unwind to a lesser extent. The area that unwinds clearly has more A = T content.
What is the difference between missense mutation and nonsense mutation?
Missense mutation: wrong amino acid made
Nonsense mutation: if a stop codon is made
When is the only time E. coli can use lactose as an energy source?
When lactose is present and glucose levels are low
What is bottom line what the lac operon is?
the Lac operon is under dual control:
- negative control by lac repressor protein
- positive control by CAP
alot of AMP _—> CAP —> promoter
If a normal male and colorblind female have a child, what is the possibility of the child being color blind?
50%
100% of boys
0% for girls but still are carriers
A hemophiliac male and a carrier female for hemophilia have a child. what is the probability to have a boy who is normal?
50% boys
50% of girls also have anemia
“DAT favorite”
What are important points to remember about sex-linked gene inheritance?
Males give sex-linked genes to their daughters….. not their sons
Males only give sons Y chromosome
Females give sex-linked genes to both sons and daughters
A male gets a sex-linked disease from his mother!!!
How many gametes can be made given the following genotype: Xx Yy Zz WW BB
2^n = total gametes
2^3 = 8 total gametes
“The DAT loves this type of problem”
Which WBCs are usually the “first responders” to appear in acute bacterial infections?
Neutrophils = first line of defense against invading microorganisms
Rank the following from most abundant to least abundant:
RBCs, Platelets, WBCS
RBCs > Platelets > WBCs
“Know this for the DAT”
How many heart chambers do mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish each have?
-Mammal and birds = 4 chamber hearts
- Reptiles and amphibians = 3 chamber hearts
- except for alligators, which have 4 chambers*
-Fish = 2 chamber hearts
“A must know for the DAT”
Which 2 VEINS are the only ones that carry oxygentated blood?
Pulmonary vein and Umbilical vein
What are the distinguishing features of bone?
the ground substance and its extracellular matrix of collagen
What is the difference between the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton?
Axial = skull, ribs, vertebre, sternum (breastbone)
Appendicular = all the appendages (arms, legs etc.)
A human hand, dogs leg, birds leg and whales fin are all considered _________________ structures.
The wing of a butterfly and the wing of a bird represent _____________ structures.
Homologous- body parts that resemble one another in different species from common ancestor.
Analogous- body parts that resemble one another in different species because they evolved independently as adaptation to their environments.
“Important for DAT”
What is a prophage?
a prophage is a bacterial phage that has become integrated into the bacterial chromosome
What is the difference between obligate anaerobes, obligate aerobes and facultative anaerobes.
Obligate anaerobes: killed by O2
Obligate aerobes: need O2 to grow
Facultative anaerobes: prefers O2 if available, but could switch to fermentation if needed
“Important definitions for the DAT Exam”
What is the difference between a photoautotroph and chemoautotroph, photoheterotroph, chemoheterotroph?
Photoautotroph: synthesizes organic molecules using light
Chemoautotroph: seen in prokaryotes, inorganic substances are its energy source (no light needed!!!)
Photoheterotroph: light is needed for ATP production, BUT gets their carbon from various organic sources
Chemoheterotroph: energy is obtained from organic compounds. (Bacteria, fungi, most protist , animals are here!!!)
What is a detritivore?
a classification of decomposers
What blood type have no A or B antibodies?
AB
What blood type has both A and B antibodies?
type- O
What blood type has no antigens present?
type- O
What are 3 important X-Linked diseases?
- Color blindness
- Hemophilia
- Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
What does Aneuploidy mean?
offspring with wrong number of chromosomes (Down Syndrome)
What do these syndromes result from?
Differentiate between:
- Down syndrome
- Turner syndrome
- Kleinfelter Syndrome
Down syndrome: extra chromosome (trisomy 21) mental retardation
Kleinfelter syndrome: male w/ XXY (men who act gay)
Turner syndrome: female w/ only 1 X chromosome (monosomy)
What is polyploidy and where is this commonly seen?
common in plants; they can be 3N or 4N cell
seen in weeds and dandelions
How many gametes can be made given the following:
Xx Yy Zz Ww BB
of gametes = 2^n
2^3 = 8
Where did the 3 come from?
-there are only 3 heterozygotes, thus n = 3
“The DAT loves this type of problem!”
