Chads bio quizzes Flashcards
From which of the following glands is the prolactin hormone secreted?
A. Hypothalamus
B. Anterior pituitary
C. Adrenals
D. Posterior pituitary
B. Anterior pituitary
Prolactin is a protein hormone that is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland from lactotropes. The primary function of prolactin is to develop the female breast tissue to promote lactation during pregnancy. One of the common questions related to prolactin is how this hormone is suppressed in women that are not pregnant. The hypothalamus produces dopamine, and then secretes this dopamine into the anterior pituitary gland. Dopamine acts as an inhibitory chemical to the lactotropes. Due to the decrease in dopamine levels in pregnant women, prolactin can be secreted.
The increase in prolactin secreting has a positive correlation with estrogen, breast-feeding, stress, sleep, and dopamine antagonist like high blood pressure meds.
Note: Prolactin is the only anterior pituitary gland hormone that has a suppression brake from the hypothalamus. Thus, if the stalk from the hypothalamus were cut, all anterior pituitary hormone levels would decrease except for prolactin.
When blood is pumped from the left atrium to the left ventricle, what is that name of the valve that it passes through
A. Left AV Valve
B. Mitral
C. Bicuspid Valve
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
All three names mean the same thing
What side of the heart receives oxygenated blood?
Left side = Oxygenated blood
Which side of the heart is the bicuspid valve located? What are 2 more names for the valve?
Bicuspid valve = Left side where oxygenated blood is
Bicuspid = Mitral = Left AV valve
Stabilizing selection is the opposite of:
A. Disruptive selection B. Sexual selection C. Directional selection D. Negative selection E. Purifying selection
A. Disruptive selection
Stabilizing selection is the opposite of disruptive selection. Disruptive selection selects for the extreme phenotypes rather than the common ones like stabilizing selection. The most well known example of disruptive selection is Darwins study of finches. In this study the finches with average beaks were unable to survive while finches with beaks that adapted well to nature were able to produce more offspring and attain more food.
When an Enzyme that requires a cofactor to properly function has one, it is referred to as
A. Holenzyme B. Apoenzyme C. Apoprotein D. Narrowenzyme E. Both C & D
A. Holenzyme
In the dihybrid cross of AABB x aabb, how many different phenotypes are expressed in the F1 progeny
A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 8 E. 16
A. 1
In the dihybrid cross of AABB x aabb, there is only 1 different phenotype expressed in the F1 progenyDominant traits. All of the F1 progeny will be heterozygous for both traits (AaBb), which means that there will only be one phenotype expressed.
How many different alleles are there possible for blood types
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5
C. 3
There are three different alleles are possible for blood types; IA, IB, and i. Anytime that you see superscripts or primes used it refers to codominance, so IA and IB are codominant, while i is the recessive allele.
The urea cycle occurs in:
A. The liver
B. The kidney
C. The pancreas
A. The liver
Metabolic functions of the liver:
Glucose:
- Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver and involved the conversion of sugar to glucose. The liver also stores glycogen, for example in postprandial periods. Therefore, it is a glucose buffer in the body.
Fatty acids:
- lipid metabolism via fatty acid oxidation
- conversion of carbohydrates to lipids for storage in adipose tissue
- synthesizes lipoproteins, cholesterol and phospholipids
- produces bile acid from cholesterol
Protein:
- synthesizes ALL of the nonessential amino acids
- Does not synthesize immunoglobulins
- Synthesizes albumins and clotting factors (this determines plasma oncotic pressure)
Ammonia:
- critical in ammonia disposal from protein catabolism
- the urea cycle occurs in the liver and then the urea is excreted by the kidneys
** The majority of the blood arriving at the liver is venous, supplied by the portal vein
A GH secreting tumor in a 5 year old likely results in:
A. Pituitary Gigantism B. Acromegaly C. Pituitary dwarfism D. Marfan syndrome E. Achondroplasia F. none of the above
A. Pituitary Gigantism
Pituitary giant: excess GH delays fusion of epiphyseal plates
Acromegaly: excess GH after fusion of epiphyseal plates
Pituitary dwarf: insufficient GH resulting in premature fusion of epiphyseal plates
Marfan: collagen abnormality
Achondroplasia: common in dwarfs, cartilage abnormality
What is the difference between:
A. Pituitary Gigantism
B. Acromegaly
C. Pituitary dwarf
Pituitary Gigantism occurs when excess GH is secreted in childhood
Acromegaly occurs when excess GH is secreted during adulthood
Pituitary dwarf: insufficient GH resulting in premature fusion of epiphyseal plates
How many different phases of growth occur in a cell that undergoes mitosis
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5
C. 3
There are three different phases of growth that occur in cells which undergoes mitosis. The G1, G2, and S phases all have growth occurring in the cells.
The sinoatrial node is located in the
A. Right atrium B. Right Ventricle C. Left Atrium D. Left Ventricle E. Interventricular septum
A. Right atrium
Chief cells secrete large quantities of what?
A. Pepsinogen B. Pepsin C. Mucous D. Instrinsic factor E. None of the above
A. Pepsinogen
Answer: Chief cells secrete large quantities of pepsinogen. Pepsinogen is the predominant organic constituent of gastric juice. It is the inactive form (zymogen) of pepsin, which degrades food proteins into peptides.
Motility of the stomach is mainly spontaneous rhythmic contractions, with contractions being more powerful in the antral area. The vagus causes relaxation of the stomach. Vagal stimulation causes pepsinogen, mucus, HCO3-, intrinsic factor and gastric H+ secretion. Emptying of the stomach is triggered by many factors acting through neuronal and endocrine stimulations (the enterogastric reflex). Stimulatory factors include parasympathetic stimulation and an increase in the volume and fluidity of contents within the stomach. Inhibitory factors include fat, low pH, hypertonicity and distention of the duodenum. Additionally, sympathetic stimulation will inhibit emptying of the stomach. The stomach is lined by folded columnar epithelium, forming gastric pits that are ducts, which glands empty into. Just below the lwer esophageal sphincter is the small cardiac glandular region that secretes mainly mucous. Below this region is the oxyntic or parietal gland region where acid is secreted. Lastly, the region in the distal portion of the stomach (just below the gastric notch) is the pyloric gland region. Oxyntic glands secrete HCl, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor and mucous. Additionally, oxyntic glands contain enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells that secrete histamine, and D cells that secrete somatostatin. Pyloric glands secrete mucous mainly, along with gastrin from G cells (enteroendocrine cells).
Electrons move from PS I and PS II directly to
A. Calvin Benson Cycle B. Photolysis C. Primary Electron Acceptor D. Secondary Electron Acceptor E. Electron Transport Chain
C. Primary Electron acceptor
Electrons move from PS I and PS II directly to a primary electron acceptor. The electrons are energized or excited when the PS I and/or the PS II absorb energy from the sun, which excited the electrons and energizes them to move towards the primary electron acceptor. There are many electron acceptors in the process of photosynthesis, however, the reason the name primary is used is because it is the first electron acceptor after the excitation of electrons from the photosystems.
If a new species forms without a geographic barrier, which of the following would not be a possibility
A. Polyploidy B. Balanced Polymorphism C. Hybridization D. Allopatric Speciation E. Sympatric Speciation
D. Allopatric Speciation
If a new species forms without a geographic barrier, Allopatric Speciation would not be a possibility. Allopatric speciation occurs when there is a geographic barrier, but Sympatric Speciation occurs when there is not one present. Hybridization, Balanced Polymorphism, and Polyploidy are all types of Sympatric speciation collectively.
Enzymes that need a cofactor to properly function but are lacking one are called
A. Holoenzymes B. Narrowenzymes C. Apoenzymes D. Apoproteins E. Both Apoenzymes or Apoproteins
E. Both Apoenzymes or Apoproteins
Enzymes involved in digestion are found in the
A. Pancreas
B. Liver
C. Small intestine
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Enzymes involved in digestion are found in the pancreas, liver, and small intestine. Not all of the same enzymes are found in each structure, however, they all do produce enzymes that are involved in digestion.
Which of the following is an example of neutral variation
A. Rabbit color
B. Hybrid corn
C. Fingerprints of Humans
D. Dog breeds
C. Fingerprints of Humans
The fingerprints of humans are a common example of neutral variation. There is nothing selective about the variation in human fingerprints, yet there is variation. Nothing in the world will select for one type of fingerprint variation over another.
neutral variation: differences in DNA sequence that do not confer a selective advantage or disadvantage; recessive alleles in diploid eukaryotes.
Hemophilia is
A. Easier to inherit as a male B. Easier to inherit as a female C. The same to inherit in both male and female D. Is an example of pleiotropy E. Is an example of epistasis
A. Easier to inherit as a male
Hemophilia is easier to inherit as a male. Being that Hemophilia is an x-linked and recessive gene, it takes the inheritance of both of a females x-chromosomes to possess hemophilia. With males only having one x-chromosome, whatever gene is present on the x-chromosome is expressed even though it is a recessive gene. Therefore, hemophilia is more prevalent in males than females.
What two genetic disorders are necessary for a male cat to be Calico?
i. Klinefelter Syndrome
ii. Cri Du Chat Syndrome
iii. Down Syndrome
iv. Turner Syndrome
v. X-inactivatio
A. 5,4 B. 5,3 C. 5,2 D. 2,3 E. 5,1
E. 5,1
The calico cat is a result of x-inactivation, that is one of the X chromosomes out of the two is a Barr body and inactive. This causes some of the genes to be turned on and others to be turned off, rendering the cat spotted or calico in color throughout. Calico cats are typically not males, because in order for a male to be calico it must have XXY chromosomes; it must have two X chromosomes but also be a male. This is what is commonly referred to as Klinefelters Syndrome, and results in the male calico cat when combine with x-inactivation.
The pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis is specifically referred to as ______.
A. Tetrads B. Bivalents C. Synapsis D. Chiasma E. Crossing over
C. Synapsis
The pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis is specifically referred to as synapsis. Another term to remember is tetrads, which is what the actual pairs are themselves referred to as. The pairing up is synapsis, the pairs themselves are tetrads.
In plants, meiosis generates ______ instead of gametes
A. Sporophytes B. Gametophytes C. Zygotes D. Sporangias E. Spores
E. Spores
In plants, meiosis generates spores instead of gametes. Spores are haploid cells similar to the gametes of humans, however, they then go on further to divide by mitosis and become a sort of super structure called a gametophyte.
_______ have the ability to determine specific traits that have the potential to be passed on from parents to their offspring
A. Alleles B. Gene Pairs C. Locus D. Codes E. Phenotypes
A. Alleles
Alleles have the ability to determine specific traits that have the potential to be passed on from parents to their offspring. An allele is simply a specific variation of a gene. In flowers for example, you might see a white allele and a green allele. The white allele codes for white flowers, while the green allele codes for green flowers.
The majority of mutations
A. Are helpful
B. Are neutral
C. Lead to founders effect
D. Are harmful
B. Are neutral
What is the correct order of oxygen flow for the respiratory system in humans?
i. Alveolus
ii. Oxygen transported through red blood cells
iii. Trachea
iv. Pharynx
4,3,1,2
Pharynx –> Trachea –> alveolus –> RBCs
The pH and electrical difference that is built up across the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts is comparable to the pH and electrical difference that is built up across the _________ of mitochondria
A. Phospholipid membrane B. Cellular Membrane C. Outer compartment D. Crista Membrane E. Mitochondrial Membrane
D. Crista Membrane
The pH and electrical difference that is built up across the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts is comparable to the pH and electrical difference that is built up across the crista membrane of mitochondria. The protons are accumulated in the outer compartment, but the pH and electrical difference occurs across the crista membrane.
Energy in the heterotrophy theory first came primarily from
A. Earthquakes
B. UV light
C. The Moon
D. Volcanoes
B. UV light
Energy in the heterotrophy theory first came primarily from UV lightUltraviolet light. There were said to be other energy producers such as lightning, but the primary source of energy was said to be UV light.
The Heterotroph Hypothesis is the proposal that the first living organism was a HETEROTROPH
- endosymbiotic theory (simulating early earth)
Chief cells release ______, while parietal cells release ______
A. Pepsinogen, acid
B. Pepsin, acid
C. Acid, Pepsin
D. Acid, Pepsinogen
A. Pepsinogen, acid
Chief cells release pepsinogen while parietal cells release acid. Pepsinogen is an inactive form (zymogen) of pepsin, which is then signaled by acid from the parietal cells to turn into pepsin. This is done in order to breakdown proteins in the stomach.
How does blood move through the veins
A. Heart contractions
B. Active Transport
C. Skeletal muscle movement
D. Purkinje Fibers
C. Skeletal muscle movement
Which part of the mitochondria does conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA occur in?
A. Matrix
B. Outer Compartment
C. Crista
D. Outer Membranous layer
A. Matrix
The matrix part of the mitochondria is the inner fluid part, which is where the Krebs Cycle also occurs in.
What is the correct order of events in an action potential?
- K+ Pump opens
- Na + Pump opens
- Depolarization
- Hyperpolarization
None of the above
A. 2->3->1->4
B. 1->3->2->4
C. 2->4->1->3
D. 1->4->2->3
A. 2->3->1->4
- Na+ enters cell
- Na+ Channels open
- Na+ Channels close, K+ Channels open
- K+ channels close, Na+/K+ pump activates
Amoebas digest their food primarily by
A. Organ Systems B. Phagocytosis C. Gizzard D. Endocytosis E. Pinocytosis
B. Phagocytosis
Amoebas digest their food primarily by phagocytosis. Food is engulfed in amoebas via phagocytosis and is then further enclosed into food vacuoles. Vacuoles merge with lysosomes and food that is not used is eliminated from the vacuoles.
If five cells were to undergo meiosis, how many daughter cells would result
A. 5 B. 10 C. 15 D. 20 E. 40
D. 20
If five cells were to undergo meiosis, 20 daughter cells would result. In regards to mitosis, mitosis generates two cells from each parent. Wiith Meiosis, meiosis generates four cells from each parent (with each containing half of the genetic material as the parent.
When blood moves through blood vessels, this is an example of:
A. Passive transport B. Active Transport C. Osmosis D. Plasmolysis E. Bulk Flow
E. Bulk Flow
When blood moves through blood vessels this is an example of bulk flow. Another common example of bulk flow is urination. Think of one way movement of a substance in response to a pressure or force that is exerted.
Water is very good at regulating drastic changes in temperature. This is necessary for cells because temperature changes can be very injurious to the structures of macromolecules. Which characteristic of water is this?
A. Cohesion B. Adhesion C. Surface tension D. Solubility E. Heat capacity
E. Heat capacity
Heat capacity is a property of water that allows it to maintain a constant temperature. This heat capacity plays an important role in the human body. Think about a large body of water and how it takes a ton of heat to change the temperature just a few degrees. Or think about how your body is able to cool itself down by sweat or releasing of water. Without this property of water, we would be in big trouble.
When the stomachs water, food, and gastric juice come together and combine they are termed _______
A. Gastric Acid B. Chyme C. Bile D. Pepsin E. Lipase
B. Chyme
When the stomachs water, food, and gastric juice come together and combine they are termed chime. Chyme turns into a creamy liquid that you would expect if you mixed water, food, and gastric juice together. This mixing allows for better digestion.
In Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
A. Mating is nonrandom B. There must be genetic drift C. Mutations must occur D. There must be no natural selection E. All of the above
D. There must be no natural selection
In Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium there must be no natural selection. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium which is also known as genetic equilibrium occurs when allele frequencies remain constant throughout each generation. In order for this to occur, there cannot be any natural selection, there must be no genetic drift, no mutations, and mating cannot be isolated and must be random.
The production and secretion of which of the following hormones will be inhibited in the presence of somatostatin?
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Gastrin
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Somatostatin is a hormone that regulates the production and secretion of endocrine hormones in the body. This hormone is on a biofeedback loop that secretes hormone when endocrine hormones are low in the blood, and it is inhibited when endocrine hormones are found in excess in circulation. The major action of this hormone is to inhibit the production of insulin, glucagon, gastrin, and other endocrine hormones.
What are the three parts of a DNA Nucleotide?
- Glycerol Backbone
- Nitrogenous Base
- Phosphate Group
- Deoxyribos
A. 1, 2, 4 B. 1, 2, 3, 4 C. 2, 3, 4 D. 1, 2, 3 E. 1, 3, 4
C. 2, 3, 4
Nucleotides are the monomers of DNA. They consist of a phosphate group, a deoxyribose (five Carbon sugar), and a nitrogenous base. There are four nitrogenous bases in DNA; Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine. Glycerol backbones are commonly seen in lipids such as phospholipids and triglycerides.
When a white haired dog mates with a black haired dog, their puppies have a mix of both white and black hair. This is an example of
A. Incomplete Dominance B. Complete Dominance C. Codominance D. Epistasis E. Pleiotropy
C. Codominance
When a white haired dog mates with a black haired dog, their puppies have a mix of both white and black hair. This is an example of codominance. Codominance simply means that both traits are dominant and expressed. Instead of having grey hair (incomplete dominance), and one having black hair only (complete dominance), both are expressed (codominance).
Darwins theory of natural selection is based on all of the following except
A. Large resources B. Survival of the fittest C. Individual competition D. Population stability E. Reproductive potential
A. Large resources
Darwins theory of natural selection is based on survival of the fittest, individual competition, population stability, and reproductive potential. It is not based on a large amount of resources, but rather the limited amount of resources available to a certain species.
Wavy hair amongst humans is an example of
A. Incomplete Dominance B. Complete Dominance C. Codominance D. Epistasis E. Pleiotropy
A. Incomplete Dominance
Wavy hair amongst humans is an example of incomplete dominance. In humans neither straight or curly hair is completely dominant over the other, so when the heterozygous form is present, instead of taking the dominant form it takes a form in the middlewavy hair.
Codominance simply means that both traits are dominant and expressed. Instead of having grey hair (incomplete dominance), and one having black hair only (complete dominance), both are expressed (codominance).
Genetic material or segments of DNA that are sited on chromosomes and give trait instructions are termed
A. Alleles B. Genes C. Locus D. Codes E. Phenotypes
B. Genes
Genetic material or segments of DNA that are sited on chromosomes and give trait instructions are termed genes. Again word associations will really help you remember terms on test day, which is why it is good to associate genes with genetic material.
Genes = Genetic material
Order the steps of photosynthesis from first to last:
i. Photosystem I
ii. Photosystem II
iii. Calvin Benson Cycle
iv. Noncyclic Photophosphorylation
2, 1, 4, 3
PSII –> PSI –> Noncyclic phosphorylation –> Calvin Benson Cycle
Most chemical reactions
A. Never go to completion B. Go to completion C. Involve the transferring of hydrogen D. Are exothermic E. Are endothermic
A. Never go to completion
Rather than going to a full completion, most reactions reach a point of equilibrium, which is more energetically favorable.
Which of the following vessels is the hearts largest
A. Inferior Vena Cava B. Aorta C. Right Pulmonary Artery D. Left Pulmonary Vein E. Superior Vena Cava
B. Aorta
The aorta is the hearts largest vessel. When thinking about this it makes perfect sense as it is the only vessel leaving the heart with oxygenated blood. The ascending and descending aortas collectively transport this oxygenated blood to different tissues throughout the body
Which of the following statements is correct concerning evolution
A. Microevolution looks at changes over a long period of time among groups of different but related species.
B. Macroevolution looks at changes over a short amount of time and among a single species.
C. Charles Darwin published his theories before Lamarck
D. Darwinism has advanced to what is now known as modern evolutionary synthesis
D. Darwinism has advanced to what is now known as modern evolutionary synthesis
Darwinism has advanced to what is now known as modern evolutionary synthesis. Darwin believed that evolution occurred through natural selection. Charles Darwin published his theories after Lamarck did. Macroevolution looks at changes over a long amount of time and among a group of species. Microevolution looks at changes over a short period of time among a single species and/or new ones that develop as a result.
