Quest 6 Part 2

Question 1

Sexy Sons Hypothesis

Answer 1

women tend to pick males with the genes to create attractive sons as their sexual partners

Question 2

Cuckoldry

Answer 2

males wind up getting cuckolded, meaning that other males also mate with their socially bonded female and sire offspring with her

Question 3

Male-Male competition

Answer 3

when two males of the same species compete for the opportunity to mate with a female. Sexually dimorphic traits, size, sex ratio, and the social situation mat all play a role in the effects of male-male competition has on the reproductive success of a male and the mate choice of a female

Question 4

Sensory bias

Answer 4

mating preferences evolve not via sexual selection but by a correlated response of the sensory system to a natural selection on other behaviors and/or traits

Question 5

Traumatic insemination

Answer 5

form of mating in which males use hypodermic genitalia to penetrate the females body wall during copulation, ejaculating directly into their body

Question 6

Siblicide

Answer 6

the killing of an infant individual by its close relatives (full or half siblings)

Question 7

Parental investment

Answer 7

the investment in offspring by the parent that increases the offspring’s chances of surviving and hence reproductive success at the expense of the parents ability to invest in other offspring

Question 8

Cooperation and cooperators

Answer 8

cooperation is the process where groups of organisms work or act together for common or mutual benefits

Question 9

Direct fitness

Answer 9

the number of offspring an individual procreates

Question 10

Indirect fitness

Answer 10

defined by the number of offspring begotten by the genetic relatives of the individual

Question 11

Inclusive fitness

Answer 11

theory in which an organisms genetic success is believed to be derived from cooperation and altruistic behavior

Question 12

Free rider problem

Answer 12

activated by the events in which an organism under contributes but uses specific behavioral and situational cues to distinguish exploiters (hits) from conditional cooperators (false alarms)

Question 13

Altruism problem

Answer 13

why would an organism help others at a cost to themselves without any future reward or payoff?

Question 14

Kinship

Answer 14

refers to the degree of genetic relatedness or the coefficient of relationship between individual members of a species

Question 15

Reciprocity

Answer 15

mechanisms whereby the evolution of cooperative or altruistic behavior may be favored by the probability of future mutual interactions

Question 16

Hamiltons rule

Answer 16

a trait is favored by natural selection if the benefit to others, B, multiplied by relatedness, R, exceeds the cost to self, C. Specifically, that the change in average trait value in a population is proportional to BR - C

Question 17

Cost of sex

Answer 17

the growth rate of the sexual population is predicted to be half that od the asexual population

Question 18

Fisher-muller hypothesis

Answer 18

sex allows advantageous alleles that arise in different individuals to be combined together into the same individual

Question 19

Sperm competition

Answer 19

the competition between sperm from at least two males for the fertilization of a given set of eggs

Question 20

Defection and cooperation under evolution

Answer 20

cooperation is the process where groups of organisms work or act together for common or mutual benefits, defection is an action that can increase an individuals payoff but that results in a socially inefficient outcome

Question 21

Prisoners dilemma

Answer 21

model for both sentient and evolutionary behaviors especially including the emergence of cooperation