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Evolution > Quest 4 > Flashcards

Quest 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Actual frequencies mirror expected frequencies when sample sizes are very large.

A

law of large numbers

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2
Q

process of random fluctuation in allele frequencies due to sampling effects in finite populations (e.g, island populations, limited resources, climate change, humans, etc.)

A

Genetic Drift

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3
Q

accounts for the effects of various evolutionary forces (genetic drift, mutation, selection, or allele frequencies over time)

A

Wright-Fisher Model

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4
Q

Estimated from allele frequencies

A

Expected heterozygosity

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5
Q

estimated from individual genotypes

A

Observed Heterozygosity

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6
Q

Actively breeding population size

A

Effective Population Size

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7
Q

Effective population size (variable)

A

Ne

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8
Q

Heterozygosity (Variable)

A

He

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9
Q

An event that drastically reduces the size of a population

A

Population Bottleneck

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10
Q

Species expand into a previously unoccupied area

A

Leading Edge Expansion

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11
Q
  1. Most variation in a population is selectively neutral
  2. Most changes in the DNA are selectively neutral
    - Critical process responsible is drift substitution, where a base changes due to a mutation and is subsequently fixed in the population. (Most mutations are not manifest in the phenotype = Synonymous substitution)
A

Neutral theory of Mol. Evolution

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12
Q

base changes due to a mutation and is fixed in a population (often non deleterious)

A

Substitution

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13
Q

Change of entire gene or AA code

A

mutation

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14
Q

nonfunctional segements of DNA that resemble functional genes

A

pseudogenes

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15
Q

Good mutation at non-syn site that goes to fixation/purges other random mutations

A

positive selection

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16
Q

weeding out mutations that change AA/lots of mutations at synonymous sites

A

Purifying selection

17
Q

Estimate timeframe by number of mutations by branch. Useful when comparing a single locus over a short time for closely related organisms.

A

molecular clocks

18
Q
  • How gene copies spread through finite populations over time
  • Number of generations that we must go back for a population to be reduced to two parental lineages. (usually 2N generations)
    o Population size largest factor
  • UNDERSTANDING RECENCY OF COMMON ANCESTRY
A

Coalescent time

19
Q

Multiple genes contribute to a single trait, creating a huge amount of variation. Additive genetic effects.

A

Polygenic traits

20
Q

Near continuous variation due to polygenetic traits.

A

additive genetic effects

21
Q

Not new variation, but a new assortment of mendelian variation when multiple genes control “one” trait. Usually outside the norm
Ex: Being taller than your mom and dad, not a mutation, rather a new combination of alleles.

A

Latent Variation

22
Q

Two or more alleles interact in a non-additive way

A

Epistasis

23
Q

Set of alleles, one at each locus on a single chromosome. Or in a gamete.
- ABc or abC or aBc

A

Haplotype

24
Q

whole organism
- Aa Bb Cc or AA bb CC …..

A

Genotype

25
Q

Two genes located on the same chromosome

A

Physical Linkage

26
Q

Frequency of association of their different alleles is higher or lower than what would be expected if the loci were independent and associated randomly

A

Linkage Disequilibrium

27
Q

Alleles selected for, not because of its performance, rather the alleles around it are good

A

Genetic Hitchiking

28
Q

Loss of surrounding alleles when a deleterious mutation is selected against

A

Background selection

29
Q
  1. Random chance
  2. Fixation occurs very quickly
  3. Heterozygosity is lost, very quickly
A

3 Consequences of Genetic Drift

30
Q
  • Studied using microsatellites
  • Short term evolution b/c they are
    o Selectively neutral
    o Change easily due to strand slippage
  • As area of the island increased, number of alleles increased
A

Divergence between populations Lava Lizards

31
Q
  • Northern Elephant seals hunted to almost extinction = bottleneck
  • Alleles compared to southern elephant selas that did not get hunted
  • Far more alleles for southern vs. that of northern
    o Takes forever to rebound and mutate alleles
A

Northern Elephant Seals

32
Q

Spruce trees in LEE Low diversity within populations, High between populations

A

Spruce Trees

33
Q
  1. Selection
  2. Rate of Genetic Recombination
  3. Mutation Rate
  4. Genetic Drift
  5. System of Mating
  6. Population Structure
  7. Genetic Linkage
A

Factors that influence linkage disequilibrium

Evolution (6 decks)

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