Quarter 4 Flashcards
The secretary of state of the Harding administration was
Charles Evans Hughes.
Charles Dawes.
Henry Cabot Lodge.
Henry Stimson.
Cordell Hull.
Charles Evans Hughes
During the Harding administration, the United States
eventually joined the League of Nations.
threatened to blockade Japan if it did not stop its military aggression.
largely retired from international diplomacy.
proposed a dramatic reduction in the fleets of the United States, Britain, and Japan.
forgave the international debts of the former European allies.
proposed a dramatic reduction in the fleets of the United States, Britain, and Japan
The Washington Conference of 1921
attempted to prevent a global naval arms race.
saw the Harding administration refuse to participate in it.
sought to expand the global markets of the United States.
ended as a diplomatic failure for the United States.
attempted to create a world court.
attempted to prevent a global naval arms race
The Five-Power Pact of 1922 dealt with
restructuring Germany’s war debt.
the League of Nations.
the civil war in Russia.
Japanese aggression toward China.
armament limitations.
armament limitations
All of the following nations were signatories to the Five-Power Pact of 1922 EXCEPT
Britain.
Russia.
France.
Italy.
Japan.
Russia
The Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928
was an alliance between France and the United States against Germany.
was to be enforced with multinational trade embargoes.
was signed with wide international acclaim.
stated that an attack on one nation was an attack on all nations.
was an alliance between France and the United States against Japan.
was signed with wide international acclaim
The Dawes Plan of 1924
called for the United States to lend money to Germany to meet its reparation payments.
was designed to help England and France make their debt payments to the United States.
called for Britain and France to reduce the amount of German reparation payments.
called for both the United States to lend money to Germany to meet its reparation payments, and Britain and France to reduce the amount of German reparation payments.
All these answers are correct.
Called for both the United States to lend money to Germany to meet its reparation payments, and Britain and France to reduce the amount of German reparation payments.
In his foreign policy for Latin America, President Herbert Hoover
repudiated the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.
repeatedly ordered troops into various Central American nations.
canceled Latin American war debts owed to the United States.
closely followed the policies of the two previous administrations.
declared America would henceforth only recognize democratically-elected regimes.
repudiated the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
As part of his foreign policy, President Herbert Hoover moved to withdraw American troops from
Mexico.
Cuba.
Venezuela.
Colombia.
Haiti.
Haiti
In 1929, a fascist-led government was in power in
Germany.
Spain.
Italy.
Japan.
France.
Italy
Which of the following statements about the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany is FALSE?
His rise was partially precipitated by ruinous inflation.
Hitler displayed a pathological anti-Semitism and a passionate militarism.
Hitler believed in the genetic superiority of the Aryan people.
Hitler argued in favor of extending German territory for the purpose of Lebensraum.
Upon coming to power in 1933, Hitler called his new government “the Weimar Republic.”
Upon coming to power in 1933, Hitler called his new government “the Weimar Republic”
In 1932, the Hoover administration, in response to the Japanese invasion of Manchuria,
issued warnings to the Japanese government.
imposed economic sanctions against Japan.
sent financial aid to Chiang Kai-shek’s government in China.
sent Americans to Manchuria to train Chinese pilots.
called for Japanese recognition of the Open Door policy.
issued warnings to the Japanese government
President Franklin Roosevelt’s sharpest foreign policy break with Herbert Hoover concerned
Latin America.
Europe.
Asia.
Russia.
Mexico.
Europe
In what became known as the 1933 “bombshell” message, Franklin Roosevelt declared that
all foreign war debts would be forgiven.
America would no longer recognize fascist governments.
the Monroe Doctrine was now null and void.
further Japanese aggression against China would be met with force.
America would reject any international agreement on currency stabilization.
America would reject any international agreement on currency stabilization
In the 1930s, President Franklin Roosevelt carried out international policies that
kept the United States on the gold standard.
preserved the circular loan system of the Dawes Plan.
established diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union.
allowed American banks to make loans to nations in default to the United States.
further soured relations with Latin America.
established diplomatic relatoins with the Soviet Union
In 1934, U.S.-Soviet relations soured in part because the United States demonstrated little interest in stopping the expansion of
Germany.
Italy.
China.
Japan.
Great Britain.
Japan
President Franklin Roosevelt’s “Good Neighbor Policy”
expanded initiatives begun under Herbert Hoover.
was designed to keep the peace in western Europe.
limited land purchases by U.S. companies in neighboring countries.
was abandoned by the United States at the start of World War II.
gave nations allied against fascism preferential loan rates.
expanded initiatives begun under Herbert Hoover
During the 1920s and 1930s, interest in pursuing an isolationist foreign policy
led the United States to give up its membership in the World Court.
seemed to grow in the U.S. as it became apparent that Italy would invade Ethiopia.
led the U.S. Senate to assert that no single nation was a threat to world peace.
was strongly supported by President Franklin Roosevelt.
declined after the investigations chaired by Senator Gerald Nye of North Dakota.
seemed to grow in the U.S. as it became apparent that Italy would invade Ethiopia
The Neutrality Act of 1935
sought to protect America’s international trade agreements.
prevented Americans from traveling on ships of warring nations.
did not prevent the United States from intervening when Italy invaded Ethiopia.
was passed by Congress with recent acts of Nazi aggression in mind.
included a mandatory arms embargo of both sides during any military conflict.
included a mandatory arms embargo of both sides during any military conflict
The Neutrality Act of 1937
stripped the president of many of his powers as commander-in-chief.
allowed warring nations to purchase nonmilitary goods in the United States if they paid cash.
loosened the trade policy for England, while tightening it for Germany and Japan.
banned the sale of all goods from the United States to any nation at war.
exempted Asian nations from the provisions of the 1935 Neutrality Act.
allowed warring nations to purchase nonmilitary goods in the United States if they paid cash
In 1937, President Franklin Roosevelt’s “quarantine” speech
saw the president call for further isolation from the nation’s enemies.
warned Japan it faced a U.S. embargo if it continued to be aggressive.
saw Roosevelt challenge England and France to limit the aggression of Germany.
received a decidedly hostile response by the American people.
was given in response to the Japanese sinking of the Panay.
received a decidedly hostile response by the American people
In response to the breakout of the civil war in Spain, the U.S. government joined with Britain and France in an agreement to
support the republican side.
support Franco’s regime.
offer no help to either side.
use the conflict as a means of establishing military positions in Spain.
offer help to whichever side would repudiate any diplomatic contact with Hitler’s regime.
offer no help to either side
In 1938, Anschluss
was proclaimed by Hitler.
caused an uproar in the United States.
was created at the Munich Conference.
led France to put its military on alert.
came to be identified with Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain.
was proclaimed by Hitler
The Munich Conference of 1938 was precipitated by a crisis over
Austria.
Poland.
Hungary.
Belgium.
Czechoslovakia.
Czechoslovakia
The Munich agreement of 1938
was the result of negotiations involving the League of Nations.
put most of Poland under German control.
ended further German aggression until World War II began.
was supported by President Franklin Roosevelt.
was signed by Joseph Stalin despite misgivings about German intent.
was supported by President Franklin Roosevelt
Germany began World War II in Europe days after
Germany’s occupation of additional areas of Czechoslovakia.
a nonaggression pact was signed between Germany and Russia.
France promised Poland it would provide military support if attacked.
Germany and Austria were unified.
Hitler’s violation of the Munich agreement.
a nonaggression pact was signed between Germany and Russia
Following the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939, President Franklin Roosevelt
declared the United States would remain neutral.
declared the United States would be the “arsenal of democracy.”
sent American military advisers to England.
ordered a “preparedness” campaign much like Woodrow Wilson had in 1916.
was unsure whether a majority of Americans supported Germany.
declared the United States would remain neutral
By the middle of 1940, Germany had defeated
Norway.
Denmark.
France.
the Netherlands.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
The American ambassador to London who insisted in 1940 that the British plight was already hopeless was
Neville Chamberlain.
Joseph Kennedy.
Gerald Nye.
Burton Wheeler.
Wendell Willkie.
Joseph Kennedy
President Franklin Roosevelt’s decision in 1940 to give fifty American destroyers to England
was cancelled by Congress.
circumvented the cash-and-carry provision of the Neutrality Acts.
was in response to requests by the U.S. ambassador to London.
both circumvented the cash-and-carry provision of the Neutrality Acts and was in response to requests by the U.S. ambassador to London.
None of these answers is correct.
circumvented the cash-and-carry provision of the Neutrality Acts
In July 1940, opinion polls showed the clear majority of the American public
believed Germany posed a direct threat to the United States.
were strongly against any involvement by the United States in the war.
thought the United States should immediately declare war on Germany.
believed it would be a waste to aid England, as that nation would soon fall to Germany.
believed Japan was a greater threat to the United States than the war in Europe.
believed Germany posed a direct threat to the United States
The Burke-Wadsworth Act of 1940
reaffirmed the desires of isolationists to stay out of the war.
approved sending U.S. weapons to England.
approved the first peacetime draft in American history.
saw the United States end all trade with any nation allied with Nazi Germany.
repealed the 1935 and 1937 Neutrality Acts.
approved the first peacetime draft in American history
The America First Committee
was a powerful lobby against U.S. involvement in the war.
was strongly opposed by both major political parties.
called for increased U.S. assistance to England without any actual intervention.
was made up largely of Democrats who favored diplomacy to end the war.
tried and failed to enlist the support of Charles Lindbergh.
was a powerful lobby against U.S. involvement in the war
In the election of 1940, Franklin Roosevelt
selected Henry Wallace as his new running mate.
won a closely contested electoral college victory for his third term.
removed Harry Truman from the ticket at the request of conservatives.
both selected Henry Wallace as his new running mate, and won a closely contested electoral college victory for his third term.
None of these answers is correct.
selected Henry Wallace as his new running mate
In 1940, the “lend-lease” plan
allowed the U.S. to loan weapons to England, to be returned or paid for when the war was over.
saw England agree to allow jobless Americans to enlist in the British military.
saw England allow the construction of American military bases in British territory.
saw the U.S. lend funds to the Allies so they could lease war supplies from the U.S.
was extremely controversial and barely passed the Senate.
allowed the U.S. to loan weapons to England, to be returned or paid for when the war was over
By September 1941,
Germany had agreed with Japan to fight against the United States.
the United States extended lend-lease privileges to the Soviet Union.
President Roosevelt made a secret agreement to send American troops to England.
Germany claimed it had no interest in engaging America in war.
the German navy had begun to sink American destroyers, including the Reuben James.
the United States extended lend-lease privileges to the Soviet Union
The German sinking of the American ship Reuben James
essentially triggered an American naval war against Germany.
led Congress to approve the arming of American merchant ships.
led Congress to approve American ships sailing into belligerent ports.
led Congress to approve both the arming of American merchant ships and the sailing of American ships into belligerent ports.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
In 1941, the Atlantic Charter
was signed in Washington, D.C.
was completed by senior military officials in the United States and England.
saw President Roosevelt agree to an eventual invasion of Europe to drive out the Nazis.
saw the United States and England claim to share common principles.
gave American merchant ships the authority to fire on German submarines.
saw the United States and England claim to share common principles
The Tripartite Pact was a defensive alliance among
the United States, England, and Russia.
the United States, England, and France.
Japan, Germany, and Italy.
Japan, Germany, and Austria.
England, France, and Italy.
Japan, Germany, and Italy
In 1941, prior to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor,
Japanese troops attacked the Philippines.
the Japanese developed a new, unbreakable communication code.
Japan tried to repair relations with the United States in order to restore their flow of supplies.
President Franklin Roosevelt ordered Japan’s diplomats to leave Washington.
President Franklin Roosevelt froze all Japanese assets in the United States.
President Franklin Roosevelt froze all Japanese assets in the United States
Which of the following statements regarding the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor is FALSE?
The State Department assumed the Japanese would never attack American interests.
The American aircraft carriers escaped the attack.
Few American authorities believed Japan was capable of an attack on Pearl Harbor.
The Japanese suffered light losses in the attack.
More than 2,000 American soldiers and sailors died in the attack.
The State Department assumed the Japanese would never attack American interests
In 1941, Germany’s declaration of war against the United States
occurred after the United States declared war on Germany.
came the same day that Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.
did not occur until two months after the attack on Pearl Harbor.
occurred before the United States declared war on Germany.
was never reciprocated by Congress.
occured before the United States declared war on Germany
In World War II, the main American strategy to fight Japan was to
mount two offensive campaigns to attack the Japanese from two directions.
concentrate U.S. forces into one large offensive moving west from the Marshall Islands.
quickly recapture the Midway Islands from the Japanese.
establish a strong defensive position in the Solomon Islands to lure in the Japanese.
encourage the Japanese navy to overextend itself past the Gilbert Islands, then attack from behind.
mount two offensive campaigns to attack the Japanese from two directions
In World War II, one of the primary American commanders in the Pacific was
Dwight Eisenhower.
Omar Bradley.
Chester Nimitz.
George Marshall.
George Patton.
Chester Nimitz
The Battle of the Coral Sea in 1942
saw the Americans take the offensive for the first time.
saw the United States forced to withdraw its naval forces.
marked the major turning point of the war in the Pacific.
saw the Japanese lose most of its aircraft carriers.
marked the first important victory by the United States against Japan.
marked the first important victory by the United States against Japan
The Battle of Midway in 1942
saw the United States suffer great losses.
was a stunning defeat for the Japanese navy.
lasted four days.
both lasted four days and was a stunning defeat for the Japanese navy.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
After 1943, the United States advanced on Japan primarily with the aid of forces from
England and France.
the Soviet Union and China.
the Dutch and the Soviet Union.
England and the Soviet Union.
Australia and New Zealand.
Australia and New Zealand
During World War II, the United States Army chief of staff was
Douglas MacArthur.
George Marshall.
Omar Bradley.
Dwight Eisenhower.
George Patton.
George Marshall
In 1943, the country that pressed for an immediate Allied invasion of France against Germany was
the Soviet Union.
China.
Great Britain.
the United States.
Canada.
the Soviet Union
In 1942-1943, the British and American war effort against the Nazis concentrated on
freeing France from German control.
supporting the Russians.
fighting in North Africa and southern Europe.
protecting England.
stopping the Holocaust.
fighting in North Africa and southern Europe
In 1942, in the North African campaign against the Nazis, the
Americans advanced under the command of Omar Bradley.
Americans successfully regrouped from a defeat at Kasserine Pass.
Germans suffered a major defeat at Stalingrad.
Americans pushed the Germans out of Egypt.
British lost a key early battle at El Alamein.
Americans successfully regrouped from a defeat at Kasserine Pass
In 1943, in a meeting in Casablanca, the Allies decided they would next invade
Cyprus.
France.
Sicily.
Corsica.
Greece.
Sicily
During World War II, the first Axis country to be defeated was
Germany.
Spain.
Austria.
Japan.
Italy.
Italy
The Allied decisions that delayed an invasion of France
left the Soviet Union deeply embittered.
put the Soviet Union in a better position to control eastern Europe.
occurred after the Soviet Union had won a significant victory in Stalingrad.
both put the Soviet Union in a better position to control eastern Europe, and left the Soviet Union deeply embittered.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
The U.S. government acquired definite knowledge of the Holocaust
prior to World War II beginning in Europe.
before the U.S. had entered the war.
as early as 1942.
only in the last year of the war.
only after the war was over.
as early as 1942
During World War II, Allied bombers targeted
the crematoria at Auschwitz.
the railroad lines leading to Auschwitz.
the guard towers and Nazi bunkers at Auschwitz.
both the crematories at Auschwitz and the railroad lines leading to Auschwitz.
None of these answers is correct.
None of these answers is correct
Regarding European Jewish refugees, between 1939 and 1945, the United States
refused to accept large numbers of refugees.
won an agreement by England to accept several thousand refugees.
made many efforts to help refugees escape the Nazis but not have them enter the United States.
denied the Nazis were targeting Jews for murder.
rescinded the provisions of the 1924 National Origins Act dealing with Jewish immigrants.
refused to accept large numbers of refugees
Between 1939 and 1945, the federal budget of the United States
Halved.
Doubled.
Tripled.
rose over five-fold.
rose over ten-fold.
rose over ten-fold
During World War II, the regional impact of government spending was the greatest in the
Northeast.
Midwest.
South.
East.
West.
West
During World War II, the labor force of the United States
saw 15 million people leave civilian labor for the armed forces.
saw the supply of civilian labor decline by 25 percent.
was forced to contend with a large labor surplus.
saw both 15 million people leave civilian labor for the armed forces and the supply of civilian labor decline by 25 percent.
None of these answers is correct.
saw 15 million people leave civilian labor for the armed forces
During World War II, organized labor in the United States
lost membership as wages rose across most industries.
frequently used the threats of strikes to obtain higher wages.
agreed to freeze union membership and wages until the war was over.
won automatic union memberships for new defense-plant workers.
won a significant victory with the passage of the Smith-Connally Act.
won automatic union membership for new defense-plant workers
Which of the following is true of organized American labor during World War II?
No major union went on strike.
“Wildcat” strikes were the most common.
Unions accepted a freeze on wages until the war ended.
Many states passed laws expanding the influence of unions.
Opposition to strikes was led by the influential United Mine Workers.
“Wildcat” strikes were the most common
The Smith-Connally Act of 1943
was opposed by President Franklin Roosevelt.
authorized the president to seize a war factory where workers had gone on strike.
passed as a result of actions taken by the United Mine Workers.
both was opposed by President Franklin Roosevelt and passed as a result of actions taken by the United Mine Workers.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
Over the course of World War II, inflation in the United States
remained low before 1941.
was much less serious a problem than it had been during World War I.
was largely uncontrolled by the federal government.
was at its highest in the last year of the war.
was less a concern than fears of deflation.
was much less serious a problem than it had been during World War I
In 1943, to simplify tax collections, Congress enacted
automatic payroll deductions.
a short form for paying income taxes.
a sales tax.
a flat tax.
an earned income tax credit.
automatic payroll deductions
During World War II, the War Production Board
was maintained under the auspices of the Department of Labor.
was directed by Roosevelt ally Leon Henderson.
had complete control over military purchases.
favored large over small contractors.
won the support of small business.
favored large over small contractors
During World War II, the National Defense Research Committee
had, by 1941, pushed the U.S. into a position of technological superiority over Germany.
funded less research than its predecessor had during World War I.
was headed by a scientist who was a pioneer in the development of the computer.
concentrated its work on developing an atomic bomb.
received more private funding than government money.
was headed by a scientist who was a pioneer in the development of the computer
During World War II, the effectiveness of German U-boats and underwater mines was greatly reduced by the development of
acoustic countermeasures.
Sonar.
centimetric radar.
advanced cavity magnetron valves.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
During World War II, Germany held the technological edge over the Allies in
centimetric radar.
rocket-propelled bombs.
ocean mine detection.
aircraft bombers.
intelligence gathering.
rocket-propelled bombs
During World War II, the Allied development of the Gee navigation system
was first used in the last months of the war.
sent a sonic message telling pilots they were in range of their targets.
used electronic pulses to plot course locations.
proved ineffective at sea.
raised the accuracy rate of night-bombing raids to 30 percent.
used electronic pulses to plot course locations
All of the following were Allied advances in intelligence-gathering in World War II EXCEPT the
creation of the Purple machine for coded communications.
capturing of an Enigma machine.
creation of the first programmable, digital computer.
breaking of the German codes early in the war.
breaking of Japanese codes before American entry into the war.
creation of the Purple machine for coded communications
During World War II, the Fair Employment Practices Commission was created
to help southern African Americans move to northern cities to take war jobs.
by President Roosevelt to stop black protesters from marching on the capital.
after serious racial rioting broke out in several northern industrial cities.
and led by A. Philip Randolph.
in response to significant protests led by the Congress of Racial Equality.
by President Roosevelt to stop black protestors from marching on the capital
During World War II, the U.S. military
used quotas to limit the number of black servicemen in the military.
excluded blacks from combat duty.
began to relax its practices of racial segregation.
allowed blacks into all branches of the military for the first time.
doubled the number of black servicemen to 200,000.
began to relax its practices of racial segregation
During World War II, American Indians
saw government war contracts bring a higher standard of living to many reservations.
were excluded from military service.
were pushed out of white society and back onto the reservations.
saw war work spread to almost every Indian reservation in the United States.
saw the war effort undermine efforts to revitalize tribal traditions.
saw the war effort undermine efforts to revitalize tribal traditions
In 1942, the United States and Mexico agreed to the braceros program, which
increased the number of Mexican immigrants the United States would accept as new citizens.
allowed U.S. businesses to establish war production factories in Mexico.
admitted Mexican contract laborers into the United States for a limited time.
accepted Mexican citizens into the U.S. armed forces.
eliminated the tariff on goods produced in Mexico.
admitted Mexican contract laborers into the United States for a limited time
The 1943 “zoot-suit riots” in Los Angeles
resulted from tensions between the African American and Mexican American communities.
led the city to prohibit the wearing of zoot suits.
began when off-duty Mexican American soldiers refused to wear their military uniforms.
both began when off-duty Mexican American soldiers refused to wear their military uniforms, and led the city to prohibit the wearing of zoot suits.
All these answers are correct.
led the city to prohibit the wearing of zoot suits
In 1942, when the United States interned Japanese Americans in “relocation centers,”
all of the affected Japanese were American citizens.
a powerful popular movement sprung up to protest the internments.
all of those affected were first-generation Japanese immigrants.
the move was protested by California Attorney General Earl Warren.
there was no evidence that the Japanese Americans were a domestic security risk.
there was no evidence that the Japanese Americans were a domestic security risk
All of the following statements regarding the internment of Japanese Americans in the United States during World War II are true EXCEPT that
the United States government has never admitted wrongdoing.
the order for internment was upheld by the Supreme Court in 1944.
most of those interned lost all their property and possessions.
the internment camps were essentially prisons.
government officials claimed the camps were places where the Japanese could be socialized and “Americanized.”
the United States government has never admitted wrongdoing
During World War II, Chinese Americans
were drafted in a higher proportion than any other national group.
received a favorable image in U.S. government propaganda.
saw the repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Acts.
both received a favorable image in U.S. government propaganda and saw the repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Acts.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
During World War II, American women who worked outside the home
tended to be older than women who worked in the past.
were barred from unions.
were not allowed to have children under the age of three in their care.
both tended to be older than women who worked in the past, and were not allowed to have children under the age of three in their care.
None of these answers is correct.
tended to be older than women who worked in the past
During World War II, in the United States, all of the following social indicators experienced a rise in their rate of occurrence EXCEPT
the marriage rate.
high school enrollment.
the divorce rate.
the juvenile crime rate.
the birth rate.
high school enrollment
During World War II, American shoppers
faced many shortages of consumer goods.
did not buy as many magazines, as part of the war effort.
had less money to spend than they had the decade before.
had less money to spend than they had the decade before, but did not buy as many magazines, as part of the war effort.
All these answers are correct.
faced many shortages of consumer goods
Most employed women during the war worked in
the service sector.
industrial jobs.
the factory.
military support positions
child care.
the service sector
During World War II, the United States military services
saw the major purpose of the USO as bringing new recruits into the armed forces.
tolerated homosexuality.
quietly tolerated illicit heterosexual relationships.
encouraged USO women to form relationships with servicemen.
banned the practice of painting bathing beauties on the nosecones of fighter planes.
quietly tolerated illicit heterosexual relationships
During World War II, Congress abolished the
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).
Works Progress Administration (WPA).
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).
CCC and WPA.
WPA and FDIC.
CCC and WPA
A significant issue in the 1944 election was
America’s relationship with the Soviet Union.
corruption charges involving the White House.
the strategy of the war.
civil rights.
the domestic economy.
the domestic economy
In the 1944 elections,
Republicans gained control of the Senate.
President Franklin Roosevelt was too ill to campaign.
Democrats increased their control of the House.
Thomas Dewey nearly won the electoral vote.
Henry Wallace was elected vice president.
Democrats increased their control of the House
All of the following statements regarding the Allied invasion of France in June 1944 are true EXCEPT that
the attack involved perhaps the largest number of naval vessels and armaments ever assembled in one place.
the landing was made across the narrowest part of the English Channel.
Allied paratroopers were dropped behind German lines prior to the beach landings.
within a week, German forces had been dislodged from most of the Normandy coast.
American, British, and Canadian forces stormed the beaches on June 6, 1944.
the landing was made across the narrowest part of the English Channel
In August 1944, the Allies liberated from German occupation the city of
Rome.
Warsaw.
Stockholm.
Paris.
Amsterdam.
Paris
In February 1945, an Allied bombing attack on Dresden, Germany
destroyed 75 percent of the previously undamaged city.
killed approximately 135,000 people.
resulted in mostly civilian casualties.
both killed approximately 135,000 people and resulted in mostly civilian casualties.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
The Battle of the Bulge
began in the spring of 1945.
saw the American army drive deep into Germany.
ended serious German resistance in the west.
both saw the American army drive deep into Germany and was the last major battle on the western front.
None of these answers is correct.
ended serious German resistance in the west
In April 1945, American and British forces halted their advance on Germany at the Elbe River
because their supply lines had become overextended.
to wait for the Russian army to arrive.
due to fierce German resistance.
at the announcement that President Franklin Roosevelt had died.
because all bridges over the river had been destroyed.
to wait for the Russian army to arrive
In February 1944, American naval forces won a series of victories in the Marshall Islands, under the command of
Dwight Eisenhower.
Douglas MacArthur.
Omar Bradley.
Joseph Stilwell.
Chester Nimitz.
Chester Nimitz
The 1944 Battle of Leyte Gulf
was the largest naval engagement in history.
saw Japanese forces sink four American aircraft carriers.
was the only time German and Japanese naval forces fought together.
included the American capture of Okinawa.
resulted in the American capture of Tinian, Guam, and Saipan.
was the largest naval engagement in history
The costliest battle in the history of the United States Marines Corps was the Battle of
Iwo Jima.
Leyte Gulf.
Okinawa.
Midway.
Guadalcanal.
Iwo Jima
In mid-1945, evidence of Japan’s desperation to continue the war included
the sending of thousands of pilots on suicide missions.
nighttime attacks by Japanese troops against American lines.
the loss of over 100,000 Japanese lives at Okinawa.
both the sending of thousands of pilots on suicide missions, and nighttime attacks by Japanese troops against American lines.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
In 1939, the first steps toward the creation of an atomic bomb were taken by
the Soviet Union.
Great Britain.
the United States.
Japan.
Nazi Germany.
Nazi Germany
All of the following statements regarding the Allied development of an atomic bomb during World War II are true EXCEPT that
the program was code-named the Manhattan Project.
plutonium was a practical fuel for the bomb.
the program proceeded at a faster pace than had been expected.
the government secretly poured nearly $2 billion into the project.
Albert Einstein was in charge of the development program.
Albert Einstein was in charge of the developement program
The first atomic explosion in history took place in 1945 in
Hiroshima, Japan.
the Bikini Islands.
Alamogordo, New Mexico.
the Salt Lake desert in Utah.
Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
Alamogordo, New Mexico
Prior to ordering the use of an atomic bomb against Japan, President Harry Truman
sent evidence of a test explosion to the Japanese government.
issued an ultimatum to Japan to surrender or face utter devastation.
warned the Japanese about the atomic bomb but sent no evidence of its effect.
told Japan to evacuate Hiroshima or face the consequences.
did not send any kind of message to Japan.
issued an ultimatum to Japan to surrender or face utter devastation
The United States dropped a second atomic bomb on Japan in August 1945 after
the Japanese failed to provide a response to the first bomb.
the Soviet Union announced it would not enter into war against Japan.
the Japanese government announced that the United States had only one atomic bomb.
the emperor of Japan asked the United States for more time to consider surrendering.
the emperor of Japan declared that his country would fight to the death.
the Japanese failed to provide a response to the first bomb
The Japanese surrender to the United States
was announced a few days after a second atomic bomb had been dropped.
was formally signed on the American battleship Missouri.
occurred on September 2, 1945.
was both formally signed on the American battleship Missouri and announced a few days after a second atomic bomb had been dropped.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
Which of the following is true of casualties in World War II?
Fourteen million combatants died.
More than a million Americans were killed or wounded.
Casualties were relatively light in the United States, compared to those of other countries.
The war had cost the lives of 322,000 Americans.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
In 1945, Joseph Stalin’s vision of a postwar world in which great powers would control strategic areas of interest was largely shared by
Charles de Gaulle.
Winston Churchill.
Franklin Roosevelt.
Mao Zedong.
Harry Truman.
Winston Churchill
In early 1943 at a meeting in Casablanca,
Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt agreed the Axis powers must surrender unconditionally.
Joseph Stalin had refused to attend.
Churchill and Roosevelt agreed to follow Stalin’s strategy to defeat Germany.
Stalin threatened to make a separate peace with Germany.
Stalin argued against the Allies opening a second front in western Europe.
Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt agreed the Axis powers must surrender unconditionally
At the Tehran Conference in late 1943,
Franklin Roosevelt knew Joseph Stalin urgently needed American aid in fighting Germany.
Winston Churchill agreed to enter the war in the Pacific as soon as Germany was defeated.
Franklin Roosevelt urged Joseph Stalin to postpone his westward offensive.
it was agreed that Poland should be put under Soviet control after the war.
Franklin Roosevelt promised an Anglo-American second front within six months.
Franklin Roosevelt promised an Anglo-American second front within six months
In early 1945 at the Yalta Conference,
Franklin Roosevelt was too ill to attend.
Joseph Stalin withdrew a promise to enter the Pacific war.
Winston Churchill left early in a dispute with Stalin.
it was agreed that the Soviet Union should regain land lost in the 1904 Russo-Japanese War.
Joseph Stalin refused to agree to Roosevelt and Churchill’s plans for the United Nations.
It was agreed that the Soviet Union should regain land lost in the 1904 Russo-Japanese War
In designing the structure of the new United Nations, planners called for
each nation on the Security Council to have veto power over the others.
a General Assembly in which select nations would have voting rights.
the president of the UN to be selected from one of the five major powers.
membership to be limited to one hundred nations.
Germany and Japan to be added to the Security Council after 25 years.
each nation on the Security Council to have veto power over the others
In 1945, when the United States Senate considered the proposed United Nations, it
initially rejected American membership.
quickly ratified the agreement by a large majority.
refused to vote on the charter for nearly a year.
made major changes to its charter.
put the question to a national referendum.
quickly ratified the agreement by a large majority
At the conclusion of the Yalta Conference in 1945, basic disagreements remained on
the government of Poland.
the unification of Germany.
war reparations to the Soviet Union.
both the government of Poland and the unification of Germany.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
All the following statements regarding the “zones of occupation” of Germany in 1945 are true EXCEPT that
there were a total of four zones, each controlled by a different nation.
the zones were to be determined by the position of troops at the end of the war.
all of Berlin was to be placed under Soviet control.
at an unspecified date, Germany would be reunited.
Roosevelt preferred a reconstructed and reunited Germany.
all of Berlin was to be placed under Soviet control
Between the Yalta Conference and his death, President Franklin Roosevelt
saw no evidence that Stalin would not live up to his promises at Yalta.
concluded that diplomacy would not settle American differences with Stalin.
began to push for major reparations to the Soviet Union in hopes that it would bring Stalin on board with the Yalta agreements.
began to coordinate a military strike on the Soviet zone of occupation in Berlin.
became increasingly concerned, though not without hope, that Stalin was not going to fulfill conference agreements.
became increasingly concerned, though not without hope, that Stalin was not going to fulfill conference agreements
In 1945, when Harry Truman became president, he
had almost no familiarity with foreign affairs.
believed Joseph Stalin could be trusted.
was already drawing up plans for his “Truman Doctrine.”
looked to Great Britain to contain the Soviet Union.
renounced the Yalta accords signed by Roosevelt.
had almost no familiarity with foreign affairs
President Harry Truman initially decided to “get tough” with the Soviet Union
following the end of the war in the Pacific.
once the United States had successfully used the atomic bomb.
at the Potsdam Conference.
after his first few days in office.
after it became clear Stalin was supporting communist forces in China.
after his first few days in office
In 1945, President Harry Truman conceded to communist authority in
China.
Poland.
Berlin.
Hungary.
Yugoslavia.
Poland
By 1945, the Chinese government of Chiang Kai-shek had
grown antagonistic toward the United States.
designs on taking over conquered Japan.
little popular support.
drifted toward communism.
willingly ceded authority to Mao Zedong.
little popular support
In the years immediately following World War II, the United States policy toward Asia led
to U.S. military intervention in China to fight communist advances there.
President Harry Truman to place restrictions on industrial development in Japan.
President Truman to threaten communists in China with atomic bombs.
the United States to provide financial support to Mao Zedong for reasons of stability.
the Truman administration to encourage the rapid economic growth of Japan.
the Truman administration to encourage the rapid economic growth of Japan
Beginning in 1947, the United States’ policy of “containment” was
the basis for its foreign policy for more than forty years.
first applied in Poland.
an extension of the Atlantic Charter.
both the basis for its foreign policy for more than forty years, and an extension of the Atlantic Charter.
None of these answers is correct.
the basis for its foreign policy for more than forty years
In 1947, the Truman Doctrine
asserted it was the obligation of the United States to support free peoples around the world.
assumed the Soviet Union would continually attempt a global expansion of its authority.
was initially invoked to provide aid to Greece and Turkey.
both asserted it was the obligation of the United States to support free peoples around the world, and assumed the Soviet Union would continually attempt a global expansion of its authority.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
The United States was motivated to develop the Marshall Plan in 1947 due to
a humanitarian concern for the European people.
a desire to roll back communism from East Asia.
a desire to create strong European markets for American goods.
both a humanitarian concern for the European people, and a desire to create strong European markets for American goods.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
U.S. aid through the Marshall Plan
was offered to the Soviet Union.
failed to significantly revive European industrial production.
had little impact on communist influence within nations that accepted aid.
was opposed by many Republicans in Congress.
grew more controversial, after a Soviet coup in Czechoslovakia in 1948.
was offered to the Soviet Union
The National Security Act of 1947
created the National Security Council.
created the Central Intelligence Agency.
created the Department of Defense.
combined the functions previously performed separately by the War and Navy Departments.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
The Soviet Union’s 1948 blockade of West Berlin was primarily a response to the
Marshall Plan.
United States putting nuclear missiles in Turkey.
establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
Truman Doctrine.
creation of a unified West Germany.
creation of a unified West Germany
In 1948, President Harry Truman responded to the Soviet blockade of West Berlin by
sending American paratroopers into West Berlin.
airlifting supplies to West Berlin.
threatening war with the Soviet Union.
encouraging the United Nations to pass economic sanctions.
creating a blockade of East Berlin.
airlifting supplies to West Berlin
In 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
was created in response to the Soviet Union’s Warsaw Pact.
called for a de-militarized zone across Western Europe.
declared that an attack on one member nation was an attack on all.
both was created in response to the Soviet Union’s Warsaw Pact, and declared that an attack on one member nation was an attack on all.
All these answers are correct.
declared that an attack on one member nation was an attack on all
In the last months of 1949, events in the Soviet Union and China included
Russia’s successful test of an atomic weapon.
the collapse of Mao Zedong’s government to communist forces.
the death of Joseph Stalin.
both the collapse of Mao Zedong’s government to communist forces, and the death of Joseph Stalin.
All these answers are correct.
Russia’s successful test of an atomic weapon
The 1950 National Security Council report known as NSC-68 stated
Western allies must take the initiative in resisting communism in their region.
the United States must resist communism anywhere it developed in the world.
the defense of Western Europe was the key to winning the fight against communism.
the United States must gradually increase its level of defense spending.
that Chinese aggression against Taiwan would result in war.
the United States must resist communism anywhere it developed in the world
The Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944
was limited to servicemen who had been wounded in combat.
mainly provided counseling for emotionally troubled veterans.
helped to reduce government spending.
gave economic and education subsidies to veterans.
explicitly discriminated against African Americans.
gave economic and education subsidies to veterans
During the mid-1940s, the American economy
was plagued by serious inflation.
experienced few labor strikes.
fell back to depression conditions.
witnessed a significant tax increase.
confronted a wave of unexpected bank failures.
was plagued by serious inflation
Following World War II, the great majority of working American women
kept the same jobs they had during the war.
voluntarily left the labor force.
moved to jobs outside the service sector.
found themselves excluded from nearly all employment.
wanted to keep working.
wanted to keep working
President Harry Truman’s Fair Deal called for
a retraction of many New Deal programs.
an end to public housing.
a freeze on the minimum wage to combat inflation.
the creation of national health insurance.
an end to the Fair Employment Practices Act and other wartime measures.
the creation of national health insurance
The 1946 elections
revealed growing public support for President Harry Truman’s domestic agenda.
saw the Democrats retain control of the House, but lose the Senate.
saw Republicans win control of both houses of Congress.
saw President Truman chastise Republican critics with the slogan “Had Enough?”
saw Republicans argue that Truman aimed to roll back the New Deal.
saw Repulicans win control of both houses of Congress
The Taft-Hartley Act of 1947
permitted the “union shop.”
expanded the Wagner Act.
permitted the “closed shop.”
prohibited states from passing “right-to-work” laws.
was supported by President Truman.
permitted the “union shop”
President Harry Truman’s actions after the 1946 election included
deciding not to run for office in 1948.
becoming more conservative.
proposing a major civil rights bill.
abandoning his Fair Deal.
calling his opponents “soft on communism.”
proposing a major civil rights bill
In 1948, the Americans for Democratic Action
formed as a coalition of conservative Democrats.
supported Henry Wallace for president.
was the major support group for President Harry Truman.
supported Strom Thurmond for president.
tried to draft Dwight Eisenhower for president.
tried to draft Dwight Eisenhower for president
In the 1948 presidential election,
early polls had seemed to indicate that Harry Truman would lose.
President Truman refrained from attacking Republicans, for fear of alienating voters.
the Progressive and “Dixiecrat” candidates combined for 20 percent of the popular vote.
both of these were the case: early polls had seemed to indicate that Harry Truman would lose, and President Truman refrained from attacking Republicans for fear of alienating voters.
None of these answers is correct.
early polls had seemed to indicate that Harry Truman would lose
In 1949, President Harry Truman succeeded in getting Congress to pass
civil rights legislation.
nationalized health care.
federal aid to education.
aid for public housing.
significant tax cuts.
aid for public housing
In 1949, the Truman administration made progress in civil rights by
making lynching a federal crime.
abolishing the poll tax.
ordering an end to discrimination in the hiring of government employees.
establishing the Fair Employment Practices Commission.
ordering the desegregation of public transportation.
ordering an end to discrimination in the hiring of government employees
The Supreme Court case of Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) dealt a blow to
voter discrimination.
housing discrimination.
communism in the United States.
labor unions.
Truman’s plans for national health care.
housing discrimination
A 1948 public opinion poll revealed that a majority of Americans believed atomic power would
cause significant harm to the environment if used as an energy source.
likely result in the destruction of much of human civilization in the next few decades.
be used in war within the next five years.
have few practical applications in the foreseeable future.
in the long run, do more good than harm.
in the long run, do more good than harm
The immediate cause of the Korean War, in 1950, was the
decision by the United States to send troops to South Korea.
triumph of communism in China.
military invasion by North Korea into South Korea.
division of Korea into northern and southern halves.
military invasion of North Korea by China.
military invasion by North Korea into South Korea
All of the following statements regarding Korea are true EXCEPT that
in 1945, both the United States and the Soviet Union had troops in Korea.
the Soviet Union established a communist government in the north.
the United States left Korea in 1946.
the Soviet Union left Korea in 1949.
the country was divided along the 38th parallel.
the United States left Korea in 1946
The government of Syngman Rhee in Korea after World War II
was pro-Western.
had a powerful military.
was supported by the Soviet Union.
was backed by communists in China.
was remarkably democratic.
was pro-Western
The Truman administration responded in 1950 to the onset of fighting in Korea by
declaring war on North Korea.
calling on the United Nations to intervene.
warning China not to intervene.
threatening the use of atomic weapons.
telling South Korea to stand down.
calling on the United Nations to intervene
The American invasion at Inchon during the Korean War
was aimed at preventing Chinese communists from entering the war.
was a military debacle.
led to a fight between General Douglas MacArthur and President Harry Truman.
prompted President Truman to try to push communists out of North Korea.
was ultimately thwarted due to the surprise intervention of the Chinese navy.
prompted President Truman to try to push communists out of North Korea
In 1951, President Harry Truman relieved General Douglas MacArthur of command because MacArthur
publicly stated that an invasion of China would be a military disaster.
publicly criticized President Truman’s policy in Korea.
refused to support Truman’s plan to use atomic weapons in Korea.
both publicly criticized Truman’s policy in Korea and refused to support Truman’s plan to use atomic weapons in Korea.
None of these answers is correct.
publicly criticized President Truman’s policy in Korea
The initial response by the American public to the dismissal of General Douglas MacArthur was
anger at the United Nations.
criticism of MacArthur.
relief that nuclear war had been avoided.
anger at China.
criticism of President Truman.
criticism of President Truman
During the Korean War, the Truman administration faced major strikes in the industries of
rail and steel.
steel and textiles.
textiles and coal.
coal and rail.
rail and textiles.
rail and steel
As a result of the Korean War, the
American economy was dragged into a recession.
American public felt reassured that communism was being contained.
stature of the American military increased.
American public believed there was something wrong with the United States.
government reduced the amount of money it was pumping into the economy.
American public believed there was something wrong with the United States
In 1947, the first target of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) was
labor unions.
the Democratic Party.
the State Department.
the American Communist Party.
the movie industry.
the movie industry
All of the following statements regarding the HUAC investigation of Alger Hiss and Whittaker Chambers are true EXCEPT that
Chambers was a former communist agent.
classified documents allegedly stolen by Hiss were kept hidden by Chambers in a pumpkin.
the case cast suspicion on a generation of liberal Democrats.
Hiss was convicted of espionage.
Hiss served several years in prison.
Hiss was convicted of espionage
Of the following, the HUAC investigation of Alger Hiss primarily helped the political career of
Richard Nixon.
Joseph McCarthy.
John Kennedy.
Ronald Reagan.
Lyndon B. Johnson.
Richard Nixon
In 1947, the Truman administration responded to Republican attacks that it was weak on communism by
ignoring them.
charging the Republicans with harboring communists within their own party.
beginning an investigation into the loyalty of federal employees.
blaming lax security on the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
supporting passage of the McCarran Internal Security Act.
beginning an investigation into the loyalty of federal employees
