Quarter 1 Flashcards
By the late 1780s, dissatisfaction with the Articles of Confederation included a belief that the national government
had grown too powerful.
was too closely tied to England.
was pushing America into another war with England.
was ineffective.
had sold too much western land to speculators.
was ineffective
In 1786, Alexander Hamilton found an important ally, in his push for a stronger central government, in
Thomas Jefferson.
James Madison.
George Washington.
Benjamin Franklin.
Thomas Paine.
James Madison
Which event, more than any other, convinced George Washington that the Articles of Confederation needed to be revised?
the Spanish threat to take New Orleans
the British refusal to evacuate the forts of the Northwest
Shays’s Rebellion
the Whiskey Rebellion
the Battle of Fallen Timbers
Shays’ Rebellion
The delegates to the Constitutional Convention of 1787
did not fear concentrated government power.
welcomed the possibilities of direct democracy.
were suspicious of wealthy property owners.
well represented the diversity of the national population.
were well educated by the standards of their time.
were well educated by the standards of their time
At the start of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, the delegates ruled that
their proceeding would be open to the public.
states would have proportional voting based on each state’s population.
each state delegation would have a single vote.
slavery would have to be preserved within the United States.
the country needed a stronger army to prevent further popular uprisings.
each state delegation would have a single vote
The Virginia Plan called for
retaining the Articles of Confederation, with the addition of a national executive.
a two-tier national legislature.
combining the three smallest states into one large state.
a Senate in which each state would have two members.
an end to the slave trade and gradual emancipation.
a two-tier national legislature
The New Jersey Plan
proposed a legislature consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate.
was chosen by the convention delegates to replace the Virginia Plan.
had the general support of the larger states.
expanded the taxation and regulatory powers of Congress.
was proposed by delegate Edmund Randolph.
expanded the taxation and regulatory powers of Congress
The Constitutional Convention of 1787 came close to
abolishing slavery.
granting citizenship to slaves.
granting suffrage for free black males.
abolishing slavery and granting citizenship to slaves.
None of these answers is correct.
None of these answers is correct
The achievement of the “Great Compromise” of the Constitutional Convention of 1787 was its resolution of the problem regarding
women and voting.
the definition of citizenship.
political representation.
states versus federal authority.
expansion of slavery into the territories.
political representation
In the Constitutional Convention of 1787, for the purpose of political representation, slaves were classified as
three-fifths of a free person.
non-taxable.
property.
equivalent to children.
citizens.
three-fifths of a free person
In the Constitutional Convention of 1787, a major concession to the pro-slavery delegates was the
agreement that half of all future states would allow slavery.
strengthened fugitive slave provision.
continuation of the slave trade for at least twenty more years.
guarantee of the permanent continuation of slavery where it existed.
denial of suffrage to free black men.
continuation of the slave trade for at least twenty more years
At the Philadelphia convention, James Madison argued that the ultimate authority of the federal government came from the
individual states.
people.
Congress.
Constitution.
rule of law.
people
James Madison’s ideas regarding republican government
were drawn from the French philosopher Baron de Montesquieu.
reflected his fear that a large republic was more likely to result in tyranny.
assumed that political factions would help in preventing tyranny.
suggested that the state governments were ultimately sovereign.
All these answers are correct.
were drawn from the French philosopher Baron de Montesquieu
Under the “checks and balances” system of the Constitution of 1787, federal judges
were appointed by Congress.
served for life.
were elected by state legislatures.
could not reverse state court rulings.
served at the pleasure of the executive.
served for life
Under the Constitution of 1787, the people would directly elect
members of the House of Representatives.
members of the Senate.
the president.
federal judges.
All these answers are correct.
members of the House of Representatives
Delegates to the Constitutional Convention of 1787 recommended the document be ratified by
a direct vote of the people.
special state ratifying conventions.
another national convention.
state legislatures.
the Confederation Congress.
special state ratifying conventions
In the debate over the Constitution of 1787, Antifederalist opponents to the document
were better organized.
had the support of George Washington.
feared that poorly educated men would be elected to prominent political offices.
believed the new government was not strong enough to maintain order.
argued that the Constitution would put an end to individual liberty.
argued that the Constitution would put an end to individual liberty
Who among the following was one of the authors of The Federalist Papers?
George Washington
Thomas Jefferson
Alexander Hamilton
George Mason
Samuel Adams
Alexander Hamilton
The core complaint of Antifederalists about the proposed Constitution of 1787 was that it
placed obstacles between the people and the exercise of power.
omitted references to God.
allowed the people to have too much direct influence on the choosing of politicians.
granted the states too much power.
failed to abolish slavery.
placed obstacles between the people and the exercise of power
The Antifederalists
saw the power of the southern states as the chief obstacle to an effective new government.
feared that the new government would be too weak to enforce its new powers.
feared that the government too much favored common people over the “well-born.”
saw themselves as defenders of the principles of the American Revolution and feared that the new government would widely abuse its powers.
saw themselves as defenders of the principles of the American Revolution and feared that the government too much favored common people over the “well-born.”
saw themselves as defenders of the principles of the American Revolution and feared that the new government would widely abuse its powers
The first state to ratify the Constitution in 1787 was
New Hampshire.
Delaware.
Connecticut.
New Jersey.
Rhode Island.
Delaware
Virginia and New York ratified the Constitution of 1787 under the assumption that
a provision would be added allowing for the direct election of presidents.
Thomas Jefferson would become the first president.
there would be a ban on the importation of slaves.
a bill of rights would be added later, in the form of amendments.
it would not be ratified by enough other states to become binding.
a bill of rights would be added later, in the form of amendments
In the first national elections in 1789,
all the presidential electors cast their votes for George Washington.
Thomas Jefferson was chosen to be vice president.
the presidential inauguration was held in Philadelphia.
John Adams campaigned against George Washington.
Antifederalists won a convincing majority in the Senate.
all the presidential electors cast their votes for George Washington
Nine of the first ten amendments to the Constitution placed limits on the
states.
new government.
rights of individuals.
courts.
presidential cabinet.
new government
According to the Judiciary Act of 1789, the Supreme Court was to be
composed of nine members.
the judicial power for interpreting the constitutionality of state laws.
directly elected by the people.
both composed of nine members and the judicial power for interpreting the constitutionality of state laws.
both composed of nine members and directly elected by the people.
the judicial power for interpreting the constitutionality of state laws
The first secretary of the treasury under the new government of 1789 was
Alexander Hamilton.
Thomas Jefferson.
Robert Morris.
James Madison.
Henry Knox.
Alexander Hamilton
In the 1790s, those who were labeled Republicans envisioned developing a nation that would
be highly commercial and urban.
be largely agricultural and rural.
be a leading world power.
eventually control most of North America.
eventually grant political rights to women and minorities as well as white men.
be largely agricultural and rural
Federalists controlled the new government under the Constitution for its first
four years.
eight years.
twelve years.
sixteen years.
twenty years.
twelve years
As president, George Washington
had never envisioned a strong central government.
considered it his duty to resolve political controversies.
sought to dominate national politics.
grew concerned that the federal government was gaining too much power.
avoided personal involvement with the deliberations of Congress.
avoided personal involvenement with the deliberations of Congress
The dominant figure of George Washington’s administration was
George Washington.
Thomas Jefferson.
Henry Knox.
Alexander Hamilton.
Aaron Burr.
Alexander Hamilton
As treasury secretary, Alexander Hamilton
wanted to eliminate the national debt.
opposed the federal government’s assumption of state debts.
supported the creation of a national bank.
encouraged the federal government to focus on the needs of the independent farmer.
All these answers are correct.
supported the creation of a national bank
Under Alexander Hamilton’s plan, a new national bank would
have a monopoly on the government’s banking business.
facilitate the collection of taxes.
provide loans to private businesses.
act as a storehouse for federal deposits.
All of these answers are correct.
All of these answers are correct
Alexander Hamilton recommended that the federal government raise revenue through
an import tax and a personal income tax.
a sales tax and a property tax.
an excise tax and an import tax.
an excise tax and a sales tax.
a sales tax and a personal income tax.
an excise tax and an import tax
Alexander Hamilton’s funding plan
was eventually passed by Congress essentially as Hamilton had desired.
was supported by James Madison.
was rejected by Congress.
called for paying all bondholders only a fraction of the value of the bonds.
called for dividing bonds between their original purchasers and speculators.
was eventually passed by Congress essentially as Hamilton had desired
Alexander Hamilton’s plan for the federal government to assume state debts was passed by Congress after a deal was made to
give a pay increase to government employees.
appoint key Jefferson allies to the Washington administration.
create two new states in the West.
locate the nation’s capital between Virginia and Maryland.
eliminate the national bank.
locate the nation’s capital between Virginia and Maryland
James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, and other leaders opposed Alexander Hamilton’s proposed national bank on the grounds that
Congress had no authority to create a national bank.
a national bank would lead to currency inflation.
a national bank would lead to rampant speculation.
Congress had no authority to create a national bank, and a national bank would lead to currency inflation.
a national bank would lead to currency inflation and rampant speculation.
Congress had no authority to create a national bank
Which group opposed Alexander Hamilton’s economic program on the grounds that they would bear a disproportionate tax burden?
creditors.
manufacturers.
the urban wealthy.
Federalists.
small farmers.
small farmers
In the Constitution, political parties were
not mentioned.
described as dangerous.
encouraged.
viewed as temporary factions.
specifically proscribed.
not mentioned
The emergence of an alternative political organization to the Federalists was prompted by
a dispute over President Washington’s policies for westward expansion.
fear that the Federalists were attempting to end free elections.
belief that the power of the Federalists needed to be restrained.
a growing debate over the national bank.
fear that George Washington would try to run for a third term.
belief that the power of the Federalists needed to be restrained
The two preeminent Republicans of the 1790s were
Alexander Hamilton and James Monroe.
John Adams and James Madison.
John Adams and Thomas Jefferson.
Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.
Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr.
Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
During the 1790s, regional support in the United States for Federalists was greatest in the
rural Deep South.
rural Far West.
Northeast.
Southwest.
mid-Atlantic region.
Northeast
In America, the French Revolution was generally praised by
Federalists.
Republicans.
Federalists and Republicans.
Indians and slaves.
no one.
Republicans
The Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 saw
the federal government conduct itself much as it did during Shays’s Rebellion.
violent clashes between urban merchants and American troops.
a briefly successful move by Pennsylvania to secede from the Union.
a failed attempt by Pennsylvania to secede from the Union.
President Washington lead thousands of troops into the field.
President Washington lead thousands of troops into the field
In reference to Indians living in the United States, the Constitution
made no mention of Indian nations.
stated Indian tribes were entitled to direct representation in the federal government.
required the federal government to respect treaties negotiated under the Confederation.
declared Congress had no legal right to regulate commerce with Indian tribes.
defined a precise legal standing for Indians and Indian nations.
required the federal government to respect treaties negotiated under the Confederation
Jay’s Treaty (1794)
avoided a likely war with England.
secured British compensation for recent attacks on American ships.
led to the withdrawal of British forces posted on the American frontier.
prompted England to send its first minister since the Revolution to the United States.
recognized the right of Americans to navigate the Mississippi to its mouth.
avoided a likely war with England
Pinckney’s Treaty (1795) was negotiated between the United States and
Great Britain.
France.
Spain.
the Netherlands.
the Iroquois Confederacy.
Spain
Pinckney’s Treaty (1795) gave the United States
the right to navigate the Mississippi River to its mouth.
the freedom to use the port at New Orleans.
a desired fixed northern boundary of Florida.
assurances that Indians in Florida would be prevented from launching northern raids.
All of these answers are correct.
All of these answers are correct
The election of 1796 saw
a Federalist president and a Republican vice president take office.
the Republicans win the presidency for the first time.
the House of Representatives determine the presidential victor.
the Federalists reach their height of power and unity.
John Adams become president on the Republican ticket.
a Federalist president and a Republican vice president take office
The “XYZ Affair”
involved foreign interference in an American presidential election.
involved secret foreign treaties with nearby Indian nations.
increased tensions between the United States and Great Britain.
was prompted by a feud between John Adams and Alexander Hamilton.
led to an undeclared war between the United States and France.
led to an undeclared war between the United States and France
The Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
gave the federal government effective authority to stifle any public criticism.
were aggressively used by the Adams administration to suppress public criticism.
were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.
gave the federal government effective authority to stifle any public criticism, and were aggressively used by the Adams administration to that effect.
were aggressively used by the Adams administration to suppress public criticism until they were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.
gave the federal government effective authority to stifle any public criticism
In the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, it was asserted that
the Republicans had betrayed the spirit of the Constitution.
the federal government had the right to void state laws.
the Supreme Court had no constitutional authority to invalidate federal laws.
the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution was unjust.
states had the right to nullify federal laws.
states had the right to nullify federal laws
In the late 1790s, on the political scene,
the United States was deeply and bitterly divided.
the republican form of government had won over most skeptics.
the power of the Republicans was declining.
the United States had developed a clear two-party system.
there was considerable agreement over most important foreign policy questions.
the United States was deeply and bitterly divided
The presidential campaign in 1800
saw the Republicans win a decisive victory over the Federalists.
was notable for the sensational personal slandering of both candidates.
saw leading Federalists in Congress attempt to engineer the election of Aaron Burr.
was decided by a newly elected Republican Congress.
was further complicated by the emergence of a third party, the Whigs.
was notable for the sensational personal slandering of both candidates.
Who described the election of 1800 as the “Revolution of 1800”?
Thomas Jefferson
Alexander Hamilton
John Adams
James Madison
George Washington
Thomas Jefferson
The Judiciary Act of 1801
was passed by the new Republican Congress.
increased the size of the Supreme Court by two seats.
was an attempt by Federalists to secure their hold on the courts.
resulted in the Federalists losing control of the judiciary.
was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.
was an attempt by Federalists to secure their hold on the courts
Regarding education, early-nineteenth-century Republicans favored
a nationwide system of free public schools for all male citizens.
the federal government paying the costs of primary schools.
private schools as the primary institutions of learning.
the practice that only the children of elite families received an education.
free college education for all white male citizens of the republic.
a nationwide system of free public schools for all male citizens
In the early nineteenth century, school education was largely the responsibility of
private institutions.
the states.
individual cities and towns.
the federal government.
individual parents.
private institutions
The writer Judith Sargent Murray argued that women
should have the same educational opportunities as men.
were equal to men in intellect and potential.
should have a role in society apart from their husbands.
should have opportunities to earn their own livings.
All of these answers are correct.
All of these answers are correct
Thomas Jefferson believed American Indians were primitive people
who had been greatly mistreated by white Americans.
who might become civilized through exposure to white culture.
who should be completely separated from white society.
with no redemptive qualities.
who nevertheless had an education system worth emulating.
who might become civilized through exposure to white culture
Around 1800, higher education in the United States
served about two percent of the white men in the country.
began to admit many more poor citizens than before.
gave access to women, blacks, and Indians.
was increasingly becoming dominated by public institutions.
saw the number of colleges and universities growing substantially.
saw the number of colleges and universities growing substantially
The first American medical school was established at
Harvard.
William and Mary.
the University of North Carolina.
the University of Pennsylvania.
Columbia.
the University of Pennsylvania
In the study of medicine during the early nineteenth century,
anatomy became the leading contributor to medical knowledge.
municipal leaders sought better public awareness of sanitation to reduce diseases.
most physicians spoke out against the practice of bleeding and purging.
most doctors received their training by working with an established physician.
physicians found the public remarkably receptive to new discoveries and innovations.
most doctors received their training by working with an established physician
The expansion of the medical profession during the early nineteenth century resulted in a
broad increase in the number of hospitals.
decline in midwives.
rapid rise in care for the disabled.
significant gain in the general body of medical knowledge.
large jump in average life expectancy.
decline in midwives
Noah Webster thought every American schoolboy should be educated
in a skilled trade.
to appreciate European culture.
in community service.
as a nationalist.
in Greek and Latin.
as a nationalist
The writer Washington Irving is best remembered for his works on
Ichabod Crane and Rip Van Winkle.
the American Revolution.
George Washington.
Philadelphia society.
the Mohican Indians.
Ichabod Crane and Rip Van Winkle
The religious concept of deism
emphasized the role of God in the world.
challenged many of the ideas that had emerged in the Enlightenment.
argued for a remote God that had withdrawn from human affairs.
was frowned upon by educated Americans such as Jefferson and Franklin.
All these answers are correct.
argued for a remote God that had withdrawn from human affairs
Religious skepticism resulted in
the decline of universalism.
a growth of commitment to organized churches and denominations.
both the philosophy of “unitarianism” and a wave of revivalism.
the disestablishment of the Anglican Church.
no discernible effect on American religious life.
both the philosophy of “unitarianism” and a wave of revivalism
The Second Great Awakening
rejected the idea of the Trinity.
was consistent with the ideas of the Enlightenment.
helped promote universalism and Unitarianism.
was confined to New England.
began as an effort by church establishments to revitalize their organizations.
began as an effort by Church establishments to revitalize their organizations
The Second Great Awakening helped spread all of the following denominations EXCEPT the
Baptists.
Unitarians.
Presbyterians.
Methodists.
Baptists and Unitarians.
Unitarians
The message of the Second Great Awakening
called for an active and fervent piety.
restored the traditional belief in predestination.
incorporated the belief of skeptical rationalism.
found its greatest number of converts among young men.
was rejected by most women as being retrograde and reactionary.
called for an active and fervent piety
The revivalism of the Second Great Awakening
was largely limited to white Americans.
pacified opponents of slavery.
encouraged racial unrest.
was rejected by the black American community.
fostered an anti-egalitarian religious ethos.
encouraged racial unrest
During the Second Great Awakening, the Indian revivalist Handsome Lake called for
the adoption by Indian tribes of white American culture.
an armed Indian rebellion against white American society.
the United States to live up to its broken treaties with Indian tribes.
the return of lands taken from Indian tribes by the United States.
the restoration of traditional Indian culture.
the restoration of traditional Indian culture
The cotton gin was invented by
Robert Fulton.
Eli Whitney.
Samuel Slater.
Albert Gallatin.
Moses Brown.
Eli Whitney
The invention of the cotton gin in the late eighteenth century
allowed for the introduction of cotton in southern coastal states.
had a profound effect on the textile industry in New England.
reduced the total number of slaves in the American South.
led to a great increase in the production of long-staple cotton.
None of these answers is correct.
had a profound effect on the textile industry in New England
Eli Whitney is a major figure in American technology for introducing the
concept of interchangeable parts.
first modern factory.
steam engine.
mechanized assembly line.
steel plow.
concept of interchangable parts
In the early eighteenth century, the Americans Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston
invented the steam engine.
made significant advances in steam-powered navigation.
developed the nation’s first merchant marine.
brought the first steam engines from England to the United States.
launched America’s first railroad engine, the Clermont, in 1807.
made significant advances in steam-powered navigation
The early nineteenth century in America is known as the “turnpike era” because
most towns and villages became connected by a network of inexpensive roads.
Americans stopped transporting goods by canal in favor of roads.
the federal government provided free land to road construction companies.
concrete was first developed as a long-life road surface.
many roads were built for profit by private companies.
many roads were built for profit by private companies
Population data of the United States in 1800 reveals
ten percent of the non-Indian population lived in towns of more than 8,000.
no American city had a population larger than 28,000.
New York was the most populous city in the country.
the nation remained overwhelmingly agrarian.
fifteen percent of the population lived in towns of more than 8,000.
the nation remained overwhelmingly agrarian
In the United States during the early nineteenth century, horse racing
was bound by lines of race and class.
first became a spectator sport.
never developed wide appeal in the United States.
was considered a form of gambling and was banned in most towns.
was considered a waste of valuable horses and frowned upon.
was bound by lines of race and class
The chief designer of the capital city of Washington was
Thomas Jefferson.
Robert Fulton.
Daniel Burnham.
Guy Dupont.
Pierre L’Enfant.
Pierre L’Enfant
In 1800, Washington, D.C.,
had grown in size equal to Philadelphia.
was little more than a simple village.
was widely recognized as a city built on a grand scale.
had yet to be occupied by the national government.
had 13,200 residents, according to the census.
was little more than a simple village
In the early nineteenth century, many members of Congress
had to live in tents when in Washington, D.C.
considered their state legislatures to be more prestigious political bodies.
stayed in Washington year-round.
had to live in tents in Washington, D.C., year-round, and considered their state legislatures to be more prestigious political bodies.
None of these answers is correct.
considered their state legislatures to be more prestigious political bodies
As president, Thomas Jefferson
sought to convey the public image of a plain, ordinary citizen.
believed in a passive presidency.
gave the White House its name.
tended to keep talented Federalists in office despite objections from Republicans.
only served one term.
sought to convey the public image of a plain, ordinary citizen
In his first term, President Thomas Jefferson
argued for mandatory military service to mold and improve citizens.
increased the size of the army.
increased the size of the navy.
aggressively used the military to assert American interests abroad.
helped establish a military academy at West Point.
helped establish a military academy at West Point
During his first term, President Thomas Jefferson
sought to create a tax on personal income.
restricted the sale of government lands to western settlers.
saw a doubling of the national debt.
eliminated all internal taxes.
drastically increased government spending.
eliminated all internal taxes
The Supreme Court’s ruling in the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803)
stated that Congress had the authority to expand the power of the Supreme Court.
stated that the states had the power to nullify an act of Congress with the support of the Court.
ordered Secretary of State Madison to deliver Marbury his commission.
stated that Congress had no authority to expand the power of the Supreme Court, and that the Supreme Court had the power to nullify an act of Congress.
stated that the Supreme Court had the power to nullify an act of Congress, and ordered Secretary of State Madison to deliver Marbury his commission.
stated that Congress had no authority to expand the power of the Supreme Court, and that the Supreme Court had the power to nullify an act of Congress
John Marshall was
chief justice of the Supreme Court at the time of Marbury v. Madison.
appointed chief justice of the Supreme Court by Thomas Jefferson.
a Republican.
a former vice president of the United States.
secretary of state in the Jefferson administration, and Madison’s successor.
chief justice of the Supreme Court at the time of Marbury v. Madison
In 1802, what spurred President Jefferson to seek the building of a river fleet and to give the impression that the United States might ally with Great Britain?
a growing incidence of Indian attacks on western settlers
a Spanish attempt to readjust the northern border of its Florida colony
the arrival of a French invasion fleet near New York
a new French regulation restricting the use of the port of New Orleans by American ships
the capture of the island of Santo Domingo by a black revolutionary force
a new French regulation restricting the use of the port of New Orleans by American ships
Under the treaty terms for the Louisiana Purchase,
the United States agreed to make annual payments to France for twenty years.
the United States would gain exclusive access to the port of New Orleans.
residents living in Louisiana were to be made citizens of France.
the land boundaries were not clearly defined.
the United States had to remain neutral in the war between England and France.
the land boundaries were not clearly defined
Napoleon decided to sell the entire Louisiana Territory to the United States in part because
the British had threatened to invade the territory.
he wanted full control of the port of New Orleans in exchange.
he needed the United States to contribute military forces on the continent in his war against Britain.
the French army on the American continent had been decimated by disease.
he believed the Louisiana Territory was a “great desert” unfit for habitation.
the French army on the American continent had been decimated by disease
When Thomas Jefferson received the treaty for the Louisiana Purchase, he
felt his government had been asked to pay too much for it.
was unsure of his constitutional authority to accept it.
assumed the French would not honor its terms.
insisted on numerous revisions before accepting it.
angrily fired Livingston and Monroe for insubordination.
was unsure of his constitutional authority to accept it
When President Jefferson spoke of “loose construction,” he was referring to
interpretation of the Constitution.
the USS Constitution and its hull form.
an early method of earthwork fortifications.
a medical theory compatible with the “humors” theory.
None of these answers is correct.
interpretation of the Constitution
The Lewis and Clark expedition
was first planned after the Louisiana Purchase was made.
was assisted by the guide Sacajawea.
was led by two men who had little experience with Indians.
saw both leaders die before the expedition was complete.
never made it to the Pacific Coast.
was assisted by the guide Sacajawea
The explorations of Zebulon Pike
included Pike’s successful climb to the top of the peak that now bears his name.
ended with his death at the hands of Choctaw Indians.
convinced President Jefferson to form reservations for Indians.
convinced many Americans that the land between the Missouri River and the Rocky Mountains was undesirable.
were hampered by Pike’s old age and infirm health.
convinced many Americans that the land between the Missouri River and the Rocky Mountains was undesirable
In 1804, the Federalists known as the Essex Junto
were led by Alexander Hamilton.
believed slavery could not be allowed to expand into the territories.
feared that the United States might be divided by secessionists.
attempted to interest Napoleon in reclaiming Louisiana.
feared the westward growth of the United States.
feared the westward growth of the United States
The duel between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton was the result of
a business failure between them.
a dispute over a woman.
Hamilton’s election as governor of New York.
Burr’s belief that Hamilton’s malevolence had cost him the New York governor’s race.
Burr’s attempt to capture Mexico from the Spanish.
Burr’s belief that Hamilton’s malevolence had cost him the New York governor’s race
During the Jefferson administration, the British claimed the right to stop American merchant ships and seize
vessels that had deserters on board from British ships.
naturalized Americans born on British soil.
any persons they chose.
all military cargo.
any slaves found on board.
vessels that had deserters on board from British ships
The Chesapeake-Leopard incident
led the United States to prohibit its ships from leaving for foreign ports.
saw the British sink an American merchant ship.
led the British government to end its practice of impressment.
began the War of 1812.
saw the Americans sink a British naval frigate.
led the United States to prohibit its ships from leaving for foreign ports
The Embargo of 1807
was ineffective.
helped to put a Federalist in the White House in 1808.
resulted in the Republican loss of control of Congress in 1808.
was quickly repealed.
created a serious economic depression in the nation.
created a serious economic depression in the nation
The Non-Intercourse Act reopened American trade with
Great Britain.
France.
both Great Britain and France.
all nations except Great Britain and France.
all nations.
all nations except Great Britain and France
In 1810, the Non-Intercourse Act expired and was replaced by
the Harrison Land Law.
“Peaceable Coercion.”
Macon’s Bill No. 2.
the Tallmadge Amendment.
Madison’s embargo.
Macon’s Bill No. 2
President Thomas Jefferson’s Indian policy included
an offer to Indians to have full citizenship in the United States and the right to vote.
an offer to Indians to reorganize their territory as a separate state in the Union.
the insistence that Indians reduce the size of their exclusive tribal lands in the Northwest, as well as allow some limited hunting by white settlers on those lands.
an offer to Indians to become settled farmers and join white society, and to reorganize their territory as a separate state in the Union.
an offer to Indians to become settled farmers and join white society, and an insistence that they give up claims to tribal lands in the Northwest.
an offer to Indians to become settled farmers and join white society, and an insistence that they give up claims to tribal lands in the Northwest
During William Henry Harrison’s governorship of the Indiana Territory,
violence between the United States and Indian tribes declined.
he refused to sign new treaties with Indian tribes.
all Indian tribes were driven west of the Mississippi River.
he used threats and bribery as a means to acquire Indian lands.
he thwarted plans by Indian tribes to elect a separate Indian governor of the territory.
he used threats and bribery as a means to acquire Indian lands
Tecumseh
believed the only effective means to resist white settlers was Indian tribal unity.
encouraged Indian assimilation into the United States to save their lives.
had a brother known as “the Shooting Star.”
fought against William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe.
experienced a mystical awakening in the process of recovering from alcoholism.
believed the only effective means to resist white settlers was Indian tribal unity
The desire by American southerners to acquire Florida
led to war between the United States and Spain in 1812.
was partly motivated by the number of runaway slaves who escaped there.
was intended to reduce the presence of the British in America.
was unfulfilled until the 1830s.
was fervently attacked by leaders such as Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun.
was partly motivated by the number of runaway slaves who escaped there
In 1812, Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun could best be described as
Jeffersonians.
pacifists.
secessionists.
Federalists.
war hawks.
war hawks
In the War of 1812, Britain turned its full military attention to America after
Napoleon’s defeat at Waterloo.
Napoleon’s incarceration at Elba.
Napoleon’s catastrophic campaign against Russia.
the American invasion of Canada.
the American raid and burning of York.
Napoleon’s catastrophic campaign against Russia
Which statement about the War of 1812 is true?
England remained preoccupied with Napoleon’s attacks throughout the war.
The United States entered the war with enthusiasm and optimism.
The initial American focus of the war was on controlling the Mississippi River.
The military struggle on the Great Lakes was a disaster for the United States.
The outmatched Americans saw no military successes at all during the war
The United States entered the war with enthusiasm and optimism
During the War of 1812, the United States achieved early military success
on the Atlantic Ocean.
in New England.
in the Carolinas.
on the Great Lakes.
in the Caribbean.
on the Great Lakes
During the War of 1812, the Battle of the Thames
saw Tecumseh killed while a brigadier general in the British army.
led to the long American occupation of Canada.
strengthened the resolve of the Indians in the Northwest.
saw British forces come from Canada to attack Detroit.
saw a surprise American attack in the heart of London.
saw Tecumseh killed while a brigadier general in the British army
At the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, in 1814, Andrew Jackson
was seriously wounded.
viciously broke the resistance of the Creek.
captured the city of New Orleans.
defeated the Spanish at Pensacola.
turned back the British invasion from the Southwest.
viciously broke the resistance of the Creek
In 1814, the British
took control of the Ohio Valley.
repulsed the United States from Florida.
seized Washington and set fire to the presidential mansion.
established naval supremacy on the Atlantic Ocean.
forced the surrender of Fort McHenry in Baltimore.
seized Washington and set fire to the presidential mansion
Following the British bombardment of Fort McHenry, Francis Scott Key wrote
“Yankee Doodle.”
“The Battle Hymn of the Republic.”
“The Pledge of Allegiance.”
“Stars and Stripes Forever.”
“The Star-Spangled Banner.”
“The Star-Spangled Banner.”
In the War of 1812, the Battle of New Orleans
took place weeks after the war had officially ended.
saw inexperienced British troops face battle-hardened American forces.
resulted in hundreds of American deaths.
saw the British lay siege to the city for nearly a month.
gave the British control of the Mississippi River.
took place weeks after the war had officially ended
During the War of 1812, the Hartford Convention
was a gathering of strong supporters of the war.
saw its participants vote to secede from the United States.
struck a virtual death blow to the Federalist Party.
sought to strengthen the political influence of the South and West.
aimed to create a new political party, called the Whigs.
struck a virtual death blow to the Federalist Party
The Treaty of Ghent that ended the War of 1812
was signed on New Year’s Day, 1815.
was reluctantly negotiated by the British.
included the condition that the United States create an Indian buffer state in the Northwest.
put huge areas of the new lands under the control of the United States.
began an improvement in relations between England and the United States.
began an improvement in relations between England and the United States
The Rush-Bagot agreement of 1817 called for
the joint occupation of Oregon by France and the United States.
the mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes by Britain and the United States.
France to pull out of the fur trade in the Great Lakes region.
a general trade agreement between the United States and France.
Spain to give up its claim to Florida, in exchange for navigation rights on the Mississippi.
the mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes by Britain and the United States
The experience of American banking during the War of 1812 revealed the need for
another national bank.
more state banks.
a reduction in gold and silver reserves.
an increase in the number of bank notes in circulation.
currency backed by both gold and silver.
another national bank
Which of the following statements about American currency and banking in this era is FALSE?
Counterfeiting was a serious problem.
The national bank forbade state banks from issuing their own notes.
Congress re-chartered the Bank of the United States in 1816.
Vast quantities of varying bank notes created confusion over currency.
The second Bank of the United States had more capital than its predecessor.
The national bank forbade state banks from issuing their own notes
As a result of the War of 1812,
politicians spent less time on questions of national economic development.
American banking was stabilized.
America’s internal transportation system proved its worthiness.
American shippers experienced a financial boom.
the growth of American manufacturing was stimulated.
the growth of American manufacturing was stimulated
Francis Cabot Lowell’s contribution to American textile mills included
the invention of the cotton spindle.
improving the power loom.
dramatically expanding the textile industry in the South.
improving the cotton gin.
organizing his workers by task into a primitive assembly line.
improving the power loom
The first American mill to carry on the processes of spinning and weaving under a single roof was located in
Boston, Massachusetts.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Newport, Rhode Island.
Springfield, Massachusetts.
Waltham, Massachusetts.
Waltham, Massachusetts
After the War of 1812, it was clear that the United States needed an improved
trade policy with Europe.
system of tariffs.
system for selling public lands.
internal transportation system.
system of currency.
internal transporation system
By 1818, the United States’ internal road system
had been paid for without any federal funds.
consisted only of a small number of private turnpikes.
included a national road that reached as far as the Ohio River.
formed a network that connected most large towns and cities.
had for the most part been replaced by railroads.
included a national road that reached as far as the Ohio River
The Lancaster Pike was a road partially financed by the state of
Massachusetts.
New York.
Virginia.
Pennsylvania.
Maryland.
Pennsylvania
By 1820, American steam-powered shipping
carried more cargo on the Mississippi than all other forms of river transport combined.
increased the transport of manufactured goods westward.
stimulated agriculture in both the West and the South.
had reached as far up the Ohio River as Pittsburgh.
All of these answers are correct.
All of these answers are correct
On his last day in office, President James Madison influenced “internal improvements” by
establishing a military corps of engineers to help study and contribute to infrastructure development.
approving a bill that would have used federal funds to construct roads and canals.
supporting federal financing of scientific and technological research into steam power.
vetoing a bill that would have used federal funds to construct roads and canals.
allocating federal funds to finance transportation construction.
vetoing a bill that would have used federal funds to construct roads and canals
Between 1800 and 1820, the population of the United States
nearly doubled.
reached five million.
saw its largest increases in southern states.
generally ignored the rocky soil of the Old Northwest.
All these answers are correct.
nearly doubled
In the early nineteenth century, the westward movement of white Americans was encouraged by all of the following EXCEPT for
the exhaustion of agricultural lands in the East.
the spread of the plantation system in the South.
the federal government’s policy toward Indian tribes in the West.
the lure of mineral mining in the mountainous regions of the West.
the expansion of a slave labor in the South.
the lure of mineral mining in the mountainous regions of the West
The rapid growth of the Northwest and Southwest led to which of the following in the immediate aftermath of the War of 1812?
the admission of four new states to the Union.
the breakout of two major wars between federal forces and united Indian tribes.
the establishment of two large territories in the West with provincial governments.
the development of a new Western-expansion political party that pushed for secession from the United States.
a rapid reduction in the political popularity of slavery in the South.
the admission of four new states to the Union
In the early nineteenth century, the Deep South
saw tobacco as its primary crop.
included a vast, productive region in Alabama and Mississippi.
was largely developed by wealthy planters.
was slow to organize into states.
contemplated seceding from the rest of the Union.
included a vast, productive region in Alabama and Mississippi
After Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821, it
attempted to close its northern territories to the United States.
sought cooperative economic and military arrangements with England.
quickly opened its northern territories to trade with the United States.
began selling its northern territories to the United States.
began planning for war against the United States.
quickly opened its nothern territories to trade with the United States
The trapper who led a series of forays deep into Mexican territory that ended in disastrous battles with the Mojaves was
John Jacob Astor.
William Ashley.
Rufus King.
William Crawford.
Jedediah Smith.
Jedidiah Smith
In the early nineteenth century, “mountain men”
were mostly older settlers of an earlier era.
had little impact on the character of Far West society.
were the dominant segment of the population in the Far West.
frequently warred against Indian and Mexican peoples.
very often married Indian and Mexican women.
very often married Indian and Mexican women
In the early nineteenth century, the explorer Stephen Long
agreed with the findings and conclusions of Zebulon Pike.
labeled the Great Plains the “American breadbasket.”
was one of the most colorful of the “mountain men.”
discovered the source of the Red River.
inadvertently brought the United States to the brink of war with Mexico.
agreed with the findings and conclusions of Zebulon Pike
The “era of good feelings” following the War of 1812 reflected
declining violence in the West between the United States and Indian tribes.
increased political divisions in the United States federal government.
rising nationalism and optimism in the United States.
the renewed good relations between the United States and the European continent.
the need for Americans to band together in the wake of economic depression.
rising nationalism and optimism in the United States
Who among the following was a part of the “Virginia Dynasty”?
Rufus King
Henry Clay
John Adams
James Monroe
John C. Calhoun
James Monroe
Prior to becoming president, James Monroe had
served as secretary of state.
been vice president.
explored the western frontier.
fought in the War of 1812.
switched political parties.
served as secretary of state
Shortly after becoming president, James Monroe
acted to limit the future influence of Federalists.
called for an end to political parties.
undertook a goodwill tour of the country.
became the first president to leave the country while in office.
called for increased manumissions in the South.
undertook a goodwill tour of the country
During the administration of James Monroe,
all cabinet positions were filled by New Englanders.
the Federalist Party in effect ceased to exist.
Henry Clay became secretary of war.
his vice president was charged with corruption.
John C. Calhoun served as secretary of state.
the Federalist Party in effect ceased to exist
What event prompted Spain to negotiate the sale of Florida to the United States?
the Missouri Compromise
the Panic of 1819
civil war in Spain
the Mexican war for independence against Spain
the Seminole War
the Seminole War
In 1819, the Adams-Onís Treaty dealt with the American purchase of
Texas.
Ohio.
Florida.
Illinois.
Puerto Rico.
Florida
One cause of the Panic of 1819 was
decreased foreign demand for American agricultural goods.
restrictive credit practices prior to 1819
the announcement that year that dozens of new state banks were to be chartered.
new management practices within the Bank of the United States.
an English embargo of American goods.
new management practices within the Bank of the United States
The Panic of 1819 resulted in a depression that lasted
six months.
one year.
two years.
four years.
six years.
six years
The representative from New York who proposed an 1819 amendment prohibiting slavery in Missouri was
Rufus King.
James Tallmadge Jr.
Henry Clay.
John C. Calhoun.
John Jacob Astor.
James Tallmadge Jr.
The Missouri Compromise of 1819
extended slavery throughout the Louisiana Territory.
maintained the nation’s equal number of slave and free states.
was roundly criticized by nationalists in the North.
denied statehood for Missouri for two more years.
created a northern boundary of slavery at the 42°40ʹ parallel.
maintained the nation’s equal number of slave and free states
The Supreme Court ruling in Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) was a victory for
corporations.
the Republican Party.
state government.
public education.
state courts.
corporations
In Cohens v. Virginia (1821), Chief Justice John Marshall affirmed the constitutionality of
Supreme Court review of congressional laws.
state court review of congressional laws.
state court review of state laws.
Supreme Court review of state court decisions.
state court overturning of corporate charters.
Supreme Court review of state court decisions
In McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), the Supreme Court confirmed the
right of the federal government to tax states.
right of states to tax the Bank of the United States.
“implied powers” of Congress.
right of states to prohibit the Bank of the United States.
right of states to abolish slavery within their borders.
“implied powers” of Congress
The Supreme Court ruling in Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
strengthened the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce.
narrowed the federal government’s role in regulating the economy.
declared transportation monopolies unconstitutional.
reaffirmed the New York court’s ruling regarding interstate trade.
was a victory for Aaron Ogden, Robert Fulton, and Robert Livingston.
strengthened the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce
The Supreme Court ruled in Johnson v. McIntosh (1823) that
individual Americans had the right to buy land from Indian tribes.
Indians had all the rights and protections afforded to U.S. citizens.
the federal government had no right to take lands from tribes.
the laws of the United States invalidated all Indian rights.
Indians had a basic right to their tribal lands.
Indians had a basic right to their tribal lands
In Worcester v. Georgia (1832), the Marshall Court affirmed federal authority over
individual states.
all American Indian tribes.
the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase.
both individual states and all American Indian tribes.
both American Indian tribes and the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase
both individual states and all American Indian tribes
The policy expressed in the Monroe Doctrine was principally directed at
Mexico.
Europe.
American Indians.
Asia.
southern slaveholders.
Europe
The Monroe Doctrine declared that
European powers should not engage in new colonization of the American continents.
the United States reserved the right to involve itself in European affairs.
Cuba should come under the control of the United States.
European powers should abandon all their interests in the Western Hemisphere.
the United States had a “manifest destiny” to colonize North America.
European powers should not engage in new colonization of the American continents
The writing of the Monroe Doctrine
had an immediate and dramatic effect on American policy.
was primarily based on the earlier writings of Thomas Jefferson.
was motivated by American interests in Hawaii.
deeply angered the European powers.
was an important example of American nationalism.
was an important example of American nationalism
In the presidential election of 1824,
Andrew Jackson received the most electoral votes and became president.
John Q. Adams received the second-most electoral votes and became president.
Henry Clay received the fourth-most electoral votes and became president.
William Crawford received the most electoral votes, but died before a president was chosen.
None of these answers is correct.
John Q. Adams received the second-most electoral votes and became president
The so-called “corrupt bargain” was negotiated between
Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams.
William Crawford and John Quincy Adams.
Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson.
John C. Calhoun and Andrew Jackson.
John Quincy Adams and John C. Calhoun.
Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams
The presidential administration of John Quincy Adams was
plagued by financial corruption.
noted for its inability to carry out its policies effectively.
widely popular in the South for its tariff policies.
successful in domestic policies, but had little success in foreign policies.
deeply antagonistic to the ideas behind Clay’s “American System.”
noted for its inability to carry out its policies effectively
During the presidential campaign of 1828,
Republicans were able to effectively unite.
President Adams was accused of adultery.
Andrew Jackson was labeled a murderer.
the major election issue was the Bank of the United States.
John Quincy Adams gave a strong showing in the South.
Andrew Jackson was labeled a murderer
Andrew Jackson’s presidential victory in 1828 was
extremely narrow.
decisive but sectional.
an overwhelming victory.
a result of the support he received from New England states.
likely a product of corrupted voting in several key states
decisive but sectional
The election of 1828
was decided by the House of Representatives.
saw Andrew Jackson receive the largest majority in American political history.
saw Andrew Jackson sweep most of New England.
represented to Jacksonians a victory for the forces of privilege.
saw the emergence of a new two-party system.
saw the emergence of a new two-party system
Which statement regarding the American electorate during the 1820s is true?
The right to vote was expanded to include many more white males.
The right to vote was restricted to property owners.
Married white women had the right to vote but could not hold elected office.
Changes in voting rights first occurred in New England states and then spread west.
Older states began to expand their property ownership requirements.
The right to vote was expanded to include many more white males
In 1840, efforts to expand voting rights in Rhode Island resulted in
new laws that actually further restricted voting rights.
federal troops occupying the state capital for two years.
an effort within the state to secede from the Union.
two governments claiming control of the state.
female and black male suffrage for a brief period of time.
two governments claiming control of the state
The lawyer and activist who led the campaign to expand voting rights in Rhode Island was
Amos Kendall.
Joseph Story.
Daniel Webster.
Roger Taney.
Thomas Dorr.
Thomas Dorr
By 1828, in all but one state, presidential electors were chosen by
state legislatures.
popular vote.
lottery.
Congress.
state governors.
popular vote
By the 1830s, political parties were generally regarded as
being in the control of special interest factions.
unnecessary to the political process.
a dangerous threat to the democratic process.
a desired and essential part of the democratic process.
an aberration.
a desired and essential part of the democratic process
In the years after the War of 1812, support for the idea of political parties was greatest in
Virginia.
New Jersey.
New York.
Rhode Island.
Pennsylvania.
New York
In the years after the War of 1812, the “Bucktail” philosophy that favored political parties argued that
the parties would provide the training ground for candidates.
a permanent political opposition made parties sensitive to the people’s will.
the present system of government had little effective organization.
inexperienced political candidates would be less likely to gain office.
parties could create a broader form of consensus than individual leaders.
a permanent political opposition made parties sensitive to the people’s will.
Today, the oldest political party in the United States is the
Green Party.
Socialist Party.
Libertarian Party.
Republican Party.
Democratic Party.
Democratic Party
According to Andrew Jackson’s theory of democracy,
there should be one national political party.
all white male citizens should be treated equally.
all white Americans should eventually be given the vote.
slavery should not extend into the West.
the South and West deserved special privileges as growing areas.
all white male citizens should be treated equally
President Andrew Jackson sought to apply his democratic principles by first targeting
the wealthy New England aristocracy.
the southern planter class.
federal officeholders.
his Whig opponents.
the Five Civilized Tribes.
federal officeholders
The “spoils system” refers to
making illegal payoffs to political supporters.
giving away land taken from Indians to white settlers.
the destruction of land by overly aggressive settlement.
giving out jobs as political rewards.
parceling out federal land to the highest bidder.
giving out jobs as political rewards
In 1832, supporters of President Jackson held a national convention in order to
force the opposition to make their case in public.
bring more public attention to their candidate.
have greater control of the nominating process.
shore up Jackson’s shaky support among voters in the Northeast.
renominate him for the presidency.
renominate him for the presidency
As president, Andrew Jackson believed the power of the federal government
should be reduced.
should be expanded.
was supreme over individual states.
should be expanded and was supreme over individual states.
should be reduced, and yet was supreme over individual state
should be reduced, and yet was supreme over individual states
When John C. Calhoun put forth his doctrine of nullification, he was
a congressman.
a senator.
secretary of state.
vice president.
governor of South Carolina.
vice president
In the 1820s, John C. Calhoun proposed his doctrine of nullification
to reduce the political power of Andrew Jackson.
as an alternative to possible secession.
as a means to end the national bank.
to support trade tariffs.
to counter the growing influence of abolitionism in the North.
as an alternative to possible secession
John C. Calhoun drew his doctrine of nullification ideas from the
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.
United States Constitution.
Missouri Compromise.
ideas of Madison and Jefferson, and the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution.
United States Constitution and the Missouri Compromise.
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
In his doctrine of nullification, John C. Calhoun argued that
states were the final authority on the constitutionality of federal laws.
all laws related to a state’s economic development should come from that state.
states, not Congress, should ratify amendments to the Constitution.
there should not be a federal court system.
a state could not impose tariffs and levies on goods made in a neighboring state.
states were the final authority on the constitutionality of federal laws
Who of the following saw his close ties and great influence with President Jackson grow stronger as a result of the Peggy Eaton affair?
DeWitt Clinton
Martin Van Buren
Isaac Hill
Francis Blair
John C. Calhoun
Martin Van Buren
The political significance of Peggy Eaton on Andrew Jackson’s administration was that
the presidential aspirations of John C. Calhoun were likely ended.
John Eaton’s ties with the administration were strengthened.
Martin Van Buren had a political falling-out with President Jackson.
the political strength of President Jackson was weakened.
it encouraged Jackson to liberalize the nation’s divorce and coverture laws.
the presidential aspirations of John C. Calhoun were likely ended
The Daniel Webster-Robert Hayne debate of 1830 was begun by a political dispute over
the value of the two-party system.
the sale of public land.
slavery.
trade with England.
relations with Indian tribes.
the sale of public land
Senator Robert Hayne represented the state of
New York.
Ohio.
Pennsylvania.
Virginia.
South Carolina.
South Carolina
In the 1830 Daniel Webster-Robert Hayne debate, Webster considered Hayne’s arguments to be an attack on
free states.
the nation’s tariff policies.
President Jackson’s leadership.
the integrity of the Union.
the institution of slavery.
the integrity of the Union
In 1830, what political figure said, “Our Federal Union—It must be preserved”?
Andrew Jackson
Robert Hayne
John C. Calhoun
Daniel Webster
Henry Clay
Andrew Jackson
In 1830, what political figure said, “The Union, next to our liberty most dear”?
Andrew Jackson
Robert Hayne
John C. Calhoun
Daniel Webster
Henry Clay
John C. Calhoun
In an attempt to end the nullification crisis, President Andrew Jackson in 1833
authorized the use of military force to see the acts of Congress were obeyed.
raised the “tariff of abominations.”
threatened to arrest supporters of nullification.
agreed to give a larger share of federal authority to the states.
acceded to John C. Calhoun’s demands.
authorized the use of military force to see the acts of Congress were obeyed
The policy most favored by white westerners during the early 1800s was to
spread the Christian faith among the tribes.
protect Indians from attacks by white settlers.
assimilate Indian tribes into white society.
acquire the land occupied by Indian tribes and move the Indians west.
preserve disappearing Indian traditions and culture.
acquire the land occupied by Indian tribes and move the Indians west
The Black Hawk War
constituted a major, although temporary, Indian victory.
occurred in New England and upstate New York.
was notable for vicious behavior by the American military.
was sparked by the kidnapping of the leader of the Fox Indians.
resulted in the removal of the Five Civilized Tribes to the West.
was notable for vicious behavior by the American military
Although the Supreme Court found in favor of the Cherokee tribes in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and Worcester v. Georgia, President Jackson decided
that Georgia could remove the Cherokee tribes if it served the “public good.”
the Cherokee had no right to file a legal claim in U.S. courts.
the entire process of Indian removal was unconstitutional.
that the Cherokee tribes could only be removed if they were properly compensated.
the Court could not enforce the order.
the Court could not enforce the order
The “Trail of Tears” traveled by the Cherokees led them to the area that later became
Texas.
Oklahoma.
Missouri.
New Mexico.
Nevada.
Oklahoma
The first of the “Five Civilized Tribes” to be removed to the West, beginning in 1830, was the
Creek.
Seminole.
Chickasaw.
Choctaw.
Cherokee.
Choctaw
Of the “Five Civilized Tribes,” the tribe that best resisted the pressures of removal was the
Creek.
Choctaw.
Seminole.
Chickasaw.
Cherokee.
Seminole
As a result of the U.S. government’s Indian policy in the 1830s and 1840s,
violence between white Americans and Indian tribes ended.
all Indian tribes were forced to intermingle on one large reservation.
new federal attempts were made to assimilate Indian tribes into white society.
the United States gained control of ten million acres of Indian lands.
nearly all American Indian societies were removed to west of the Mississippi.
nearly all American Indian societies were removed to west of the Mississippi
In 1830, President Andrew Jackson vetoed a federal subsidy to the proposed Maysville Road, because
he sought to demonstrate his presidential power at a time when it was being questioned.
the road was not a part of any system of interstate commerce.
the subsidy was to be paid-for out of tariff revenue, which he opposed.
he thought the proposal might jeopardize his bid for reelection.
he thought it would upset the balance created by the Missouri Compromise nine years earlier.
the road was not a part of any system of interstate commerce
In the 1820s, under Nicholas Biddle, the Bank of the United States
was financially sound and profitable.
exercised little influence on state banks.
restricted credit to growing enterprises.
prohibited the existence of state banks.
had to borrow credit from state banks to stay afloat.
was financially sound and profitable
In the 1830s, the Bank of the United States was opposed by
“soft-money” advocates.
“hard-money” advocates.
Henry Clay.
both “soft-money” advocates and “hard-money” advocates.
None of these answers is correct.
both “soft-money” advocates and “hard-money” advocates
In the debate over the Bank of the United States, President Andrew Jackson agreed with
the “soft-money” advocates.
the “hard-money” advocates.
Henry Clay.
both “soft-money” and “hard-money” advocates.
None of these answers is correct.
the “hard-money” advoccates
In 1832, Henry Clay sought to use the debate over the Bank of the United States primarily to
politically embarrass President Jackson.
help his reelection to the Senate.
promote his “American System.”
boost his presidential candidacy.
exact revenge on Nicholas Biddle for a perceived slight.
boost his presidential candidacy
Which of the following statements regarding the Bank of the United States is FALSE?
The charter of the Bank was due to expire in 1836.
Nicholas Biddle had the support of Daniel Webster and Henry Clay.
The controversy over the Bank became the leading issue in the 1832 election.
President Jackson ordered the Bank closed before the expiration of its charter.
President Jackson went through several secretaries of the treasury before finding one who would help him weaken the bank.
President Jackson ordered the Bank closed before the expiration of its charter
President Andrew Jackson’s success in abolishing the Bank of the United States
caused serious political damage to his administration.
led the nation into a period of long economic decline.
left the nation with an unstable banking system for many years.
led him to lose the political support of Roger B. Taney.
seriously damaged his support within the Democratic Party.
left the nation with an unstable banking system for many years
The Supreme Court ruling in Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837)
outraged supporters of Andrew Jackson.
was a victory for federal authority.
continued the constitutional interpretation set forth by John Marshall.
affirmed the inviolability of contracts.
reflected Jacksonian ideas of democracy and economic opportunity.
reflected Jacksonian ideas of democracy and economic opportunity
Jacksonian Democrats
praised President Jackson as “King Andrew I.”
faced little political opposition by the mid-1830s.
were strongest among the merchants and manufacturers of the Northeast.
praised President Jackson as “King Andrew I,” were strongest among the merchants and manufacturers of the Northeast, and faced little political opposition by the mid-1830s.
None of these answers is correct.
None of these answers is correct
In the 1830s, Democrats were more likely than Whigs to support
the chartering of banks and corporations.
territorial expansion.
established wealth.
federally supported internal improvements.
the abolition of slavery.
territorial expansion
The so-called Locofocos of the 1830s were
radical Democrats.
defenders of monopolies.
southern slaveholders.
western farmers.
radical abolitionists.
radical Democrats
The political philosophy of Whigs
opposed industrialism as a source of concentrated wealth.
favored expanding the power of the federal government.
encouraged the rapid western expansion of the nation.
allied the party with the abolition movement.
celebrated “honest workers” and “simple farmers.”
favored expanding the power of the federal government
Of the following groups, support for the Whigs was weakest among
wealthy southern planters.
substantial New England manufacturers.
small western farmers.
aristocratic Americans.
evangelical Protestants.
small western famers
In the 1820s, Whig support for the Anti-Mason Party demonstrated
the desire of the party to attract the largest possible number of voters.
the intention of the party to refrain from political mud-slinging.
their conviction that Masonry encouraged radical egalitarianism.
the desire of the party to attract the largest possible number of voters, and the party’s intention to refrain from political mud-slinging.
None of these answers is correct.
the desire of the party to attract the largest possible number of voters
During the 1830s, evangelical Protestants tended to support
Democrats.
Irish immigrants.
Whigs.
German immigrants.
Masons.
Whigs
Who among the following was NOT a leading Whig at some point during his political career?
Martin Van Buren
John C. Calhoun
Daniel Webster
Henry Clay
None of these answers is correct, as each was at some point a leading Whig
Martin Van Buren
What proved to be a serious liability to Henry Clay’s presidential ambitions?
his close connection with the Bank of the United States
his program for internal improvements
his identification with the West
his public drunkenness
his reliance on the wealthy for political support
his identification with the West
The Whig Party was LEAST successful at
defining its political position.
attracting a loyal constituency of voters.
connecting with evangelical Protestants.
competing against Democrats in local, state, and congressional races.
uniting behind a strong national leader.
uniting behind a strong national leader
Martin Van Buren won the presidency in 1836 because
he was more popular with the public than Andrew Jackson.
federal spending had supported an economic boom.
the political opposition offered multiple candidates.
land speculation had been reduced under President Andrew Jackson.
his opponent openly advocated ending Indian removal.
the political opposition offered multiple candidates.
In 1836, Congress passed a “distribution” act that required the federal government to
apply a higher tax to foreign bondholders.
parcel out Indian land to the states.
reward loyal Democrats with government jobs.
make pension payments to veterans of the War of 1812.
disperse its surplus funds to the states.
disperse its surplus funds to the states
In 1836, President Andrew Jackson’s “specie circular”
resulted in a severe financial panic.
was defeated by Congress.
was of considerable political benefit to Martin Van Buren.
required foreigners doing business in the United States to pay their debts in hard currency.
caused a significant rise in prices, especially the price of land.
resulted in a severe financial panic
President Martin Van Buren’s “subtreasury” system
was a financial system to replace the Bank of the United States.
created a new national bank.
never became law.
quickly failed.
did not pass until his successor’s administration.
was a financial system to replace the Bank of the United States
The presidential election campaign of 1840 saw
Martin Van Buren drop out of the presidential race.
the first influence of the “penny press” in politics.
Henry Clay chosen as the Whig presidential candidate.
the emergence of the Republican Party.
William Henry Harrison serve as the Democratic candidate.
the first influence of the “penny press” in politics
William Henry Harrison
was, in 1840, the youngest man to win the presidency.
was a simple frontiersman with little money or resources to his name.
died before he took office.
was a Republican.
had been a soldier and Indian fighter, and was a descendant of the Virginia aristocracy.
had been a soldier and Indian fighter, and was a descendant of the Virginia aristocracy
As president, John Tyler
was a Whig who had once been a Democrat.
favored the recharter of the Bank of the United States.
considered Andrew Jackson to be his political role model.
approved several internal improvement bills.
forced John C. Calhoun out of his cabinet.
was a Whig who had once been a Democrat
In 1841, the British government
supported the rights and freedom of mutinous slaves on the Creole.
seized the Creole because it carried slaves.
briefly declared war on American shipping in response to the Creole mutiny.
refused to trade with American shipping companies that carried slaves.
returned mutinous slaves from the Creole to Virginia, at the request of President Tyler.
supported the rights and freedom of mutinous slaves on the Creole
Which statement about the 1842 Webster-Ashburton Treaty is FALSE?
It settled the Aroostook War.
It resulted in more than half the disputed territory being added to the United States.
It included an American pledge not to allow slave ships to land at British ports.
It included a British pledge not to interfere with American ships.
It significantly improved Anglo-American relations.
It included an American pledge not to allow slave ships to land at British ports
Between 1820 and 1840, the population of the United States
rapidly grew, in part due to improved public health.
saw the proportion of enslaved blacks to free whites increase.
increased at a slower rate than the populations of Europe.
remained relatively constant.
grew in spite of a very low birth rate in America.
rapidly grew, in part due to improved public health
Between 1800 and 1830, immigration to the United States
was the most significant factor in the nation’s population growth.
consisted mostly of people from southern Europe.
was at its peak for the century.
consisted mostly of people from Germany and Russia.
was not a significant contributor to the national population.
was not a significant contributor to the national population
In 1860, the percentage of the population in free states living in towns (places of 2,500 people or more) or cities (8,000 or more) was
7 percent.
13 percent.
26 percent.
39 percent.
42 percent.
26 percent
In 1860, the percentage of the population in the South living in towns (places of 2,500 or more) or cities (8,000 or more) was
5 percent.
10 percent.
15 percent.
20 percent.
33 percent.
10 percent
Which city did NOT owe its growth to the Great Lakes?
Milwaukee
Chicago
Cleveland
Cincinnati
Buffalo
Cincinnati
Between 1840 and 1860, the overwhelming majority of immigrants who arrived in the United States came from
Italy and Russia.
Ireland and Germany.
England and Russia.
England and Ireland.
Ireland and Italy.
Ireland and Germany
The great majority of Irish immigrants settled in the
rural North.
western territories.
southern cities.
rural South.
eastern cities.
eastern cities
Before 1860, compared to Irish immigrants, German immigrants to the United States
generally arrived with more money.
were less likely to migrate with entire families.
were more likely to remain in eastern cities.
came in greater numbers.
generally moved on to the Southeast.
generally arrived with more money
Prior to 1860, hostility among native-born Americans toward immigrants was spurred, in part, by
the refusal by immigrants to adapt to American culture.
fears of political radicalism.
the ability of immigrants to command high wages.
concerns that immigrants generally did not participate in politics.
the effect they had on the falling price of African slaves.
fears of political radicalism
The “Know-Nothing” movement was partially directed at reducing the influence of
Catholics.
Abolitionists.
Democrats.
Jews.
free blacks.
Catholics
After 1852, the “Know-Nothings” created a new political organization called the
Copperheads.
Republican Party.
Nativist Party.
Libertarian Party.
American Party.
American Party
Which of the following is true of the differences between canal and turnpike transportation?
Canal transportation was generally developed before turnpike transportation.
Canal construction was less expensive than turnpike construction.
Canal boats could haul vastly larger loads than could turnpike transports.
State governments gave little financial support to canal transportation.
Pennsylvania was the first to finance canal construction.
Canal boats could haul vastly larger loads than could turnpike transports
The Erie Canal was
limited to flat land.
built entirely by private investors.
built without either locks or gates.
a tremendous financial success.
a great boon to the growth of Philadelphia.
a tremendous financial success
In the 1820s and 1830s, railroads
played a relatively small role in the nation’s transportation system.
standardized both the gauge of tracks and timetables.
saw their greatest development in the southern slave states.
became the dominant form of transportation in the nation.
had not yet been constructed in America.
played a relatively small role in the nation’s transportation system
Which of the following statements regarding American railroads in the 1850s is FALSE?
Railroads helped weaken the connection between the Northwest and the South.
Most railroad “trunk lines” were reduced or eliminated.
Long distance rail lines weakened the dependence of the West on the Mississippi River.
Chicago was the railroad center of the West.
Private investors provided nearly all the capital for rail development.
Private investors provided nearly all the capital for rail development
During the 1840s, advances in journalism included all of the following EXCEPT the
creation of a national cooperative news-gathering organization.
technological means to reproduce photographs in newsprint.
invention of the steam cylinder rotary press.
introduction of the telegraph system.
dramatic growth of mass-circulation newspapers.
technological means to reproduce photographs in newsprint
Before the 1830s, American corporations could be chartered only by
an act of Congress.
presidential executive order.
state legislatures.
a public vote.
a state governor.
state legislatures
In the 1830s, limited liability laws were developed in the United States, which
protected the stockholders’ full investment in a company.
restricted the amount of capital a corporation could possess.
prevented a corporation from being dominated by a small group of stockholders.
protected corporations from liability lawsuits.
meant stockholders could not be charged with losses greater than their investment.
meant stockholders could not be charged with losses greater than their investment
By 1860, factories in the United States
were concentrated in the Northeast.
produced goods whose total value greatly exceeded the nation’s agricultural output.
employed one-third of the nation’s manufacturing labor force.
were concentrated in the Northeast and employed one-third of the nation’s manufacturing labor force.
None of these answers is correct.
were concentrated in the Northeast
Before 1860, the development of machine tools by the United States government resulted in the
turret lathe.
universal milling machine.
precision grinder.
turret lathe, universal milling machine, and precision grinder.
None of these answers is correct.
turret lathe, universal milling machine, and precision grinder
By 1860, the energy for industrialization in the United States increasingly came from
Water.
Kerosene.
Coal.
Gasoline.
wood.
coal
Most American industry remained wedded to the most traditional source of power, which was
Water.
Kerosene.
Coal.
Gasoline.
wood.
Water
In the 1820s and 1830s, the labor force for factory work in the United States
saw many skilled urban artisans move into factory jobs.
consisted mostly of European immigrants.
was reduced by dramatic improvements in agricultural production.
consisted mostly of European immigrants, saw many skilled urban artisans move into factory jobs, and ultimately was reduced by dramatic improvements in agricultural production.
None of these answers is correct.
None of these answers is correct
American factory workers in early nineteenth-century textile mills largely consisted of
families and rural, single women.
single men.
unskilled urban workers.
young immigrants.
slaves.
families and rural, single women
When the Lowell factory system began,
craftsmen were part of the production system.
workers were fairly well paid and lived in supervised dormitories.
workers had few benefits outside of a set wage scale.
the workday ended when production quotas were met.
workers rarely stopped working in the mills until retirement.
workers were fairly well paid and lived in supervised dormitories
As the factory system progressed into the 1840s,
wages rose, while working hours increased to ten hours.
female workers staged a successful strike for better living conditions.
the owners increasingly used immigrants as their labor force.
a paternalistic management system was developed.
many mill girls moved into management roles in the factory system.
the owners increasingly used immigrants as their labor force
In the 1840s, the dominant immigrant group in New England textile mills was the
Irish.
Germans.
English.
Italians.
Chinese.
Irish
As the immigrant labor force in New England textile mills grew in the 1840s,
the workday grew shorter and wages declined.
payment by piece rates replaced a daily wage.
women and children were more likely to earn more than men.
safety conditions began to improve.
the workday grew longer and wages increased.
the workday grew longer and wages increased
The republican vision in the United States included the tradition of the
skilled artisan.
yeoman farmer.
industrial entrepreneur.
skilled artisan and the yeoman farmer.
yeoman farmer and the industrial entrepreneur.
skilled artisan and the yeoman farmer
The rise of the American factory system
complemented the nation’s traditional republican ideals.
resulted in a rise in the status of skilled artisans among consumers.
saw the government act to maintain the trades of skilled artisans.
led some northerners to advocate repealing abolition.
led to the creation of skilled workingmen’s craft societies.
led to the creation of skilled workingmen’s craft societies
The early union movement among skilled artisans
was weakened by the Panic of 1837.
was generally supported by state governments.
attempted to create one collective national trade union.
welcomed working women as members.
was strengthened by the influx of immigrant laborers.
was weakened by the Panic of 1837
The Massachusetts court case of Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842) declared that
labor unions were lawful organizations.
labor strikes were illegal.
child labor laws were unconstitutional.
minimum wage laws were a restraint on trade.
unions must admit working women as members.
labor unions were lawful organizations
All the following factors inhibited the growth of labor unions EXCEPT
the large number of immigrant workers.
the political strength of industrial capitalists.
ethnic divisions among workers.
the question of whether to include women members.
a lack of labor union size sufficient to stage successful strikes.
the question of whether to include women members
The commercial and industrial growth in the United States prior to 1860 resulted in
increasing disparities in income between the rich and poor.
a significant rise in income for nearly all Americans.
decreasing disparities in income between the rich and poor.
a significant decrease in income for nearly all Americans.
None of these answers is correct.
incereasing disparities in income between the rich and poor
Prior to 1860, American urban society
considered the conspicuous display of wealth to be poor social behavior.
saw wealthy people move toward the outer edges of cities.
included a substantial number of destitute poor.
saw Irish immigrants have fewer rights than free blacks.
None of these answers is correct.
included a substantial number of desititute poor
In most parts of the North, before the Civil War, free blacks could
Vote.
attend public schools.
use public services available to whites.
compete for menial jobs.
All these answers are correct.
compete for menial jobs
Prior to 1860, class conflict in the United States
increased as most of the working class dropped down the economic ladder.
increased as the size of the middle class decreased.
was limited by a high degree of mobility within the working class.
decreased as immigration diversified society.
increased as a result of geographical mobility.
was limited by a high degree of mobility within the working class
Prior to 1860, the fastest-growing segment in American society was the
Slaves.
very poor.
middle class.
Well-to-do.
very rich.
middle class
The growth of commerce and industry allowed more Americans the chance to become prosperous without
a professional education.
producing a product or service.
owning land.
capital.
marrying.
owning land
Before 1860, American middle-class families
were typically renters.
rarely employed servants.
usually saw women holding part-time employment outside of the home.
became the most influential cultural form of urban America.
had to cook their meals over an open hearth.
became the most influential cultural form of urban America
Prior to 1860, perhaps the most significant invention for middle-class American homes was the
cast-iron stove.
air conditioner.
Icebox.
electric iron.
telegraph.
cast-iron stove
Early American Victorian homes were characterized by
spare and simple designs that emphasized natural light.
dark colors, and rooms crowded with heavy furniture.
small rooms, and a reduction in total living space.
all members of a family sharing one bedroom.
a lack of parlors and dining rooms.
dark colors, and rooms crowded with heavy furniture
Compared to 1800, in 1860 urban American families
had a rising birth rate.
were less likely to see their children leave home in search of work.
were less likely to see income earners work outside the home.
had a declining birth rate.
None of these answers is correct.
had a declining birth rate
By 1860, as a result of the social expectations expressed in the “cult of domesticity,”
unmarried women were generally excluded from all income-earning activities.
women became increasingly isolated from the public world.
middle-class wives were given no special role in the family.
women who read books or magazines were likely to be criticized.
women increasingly became seen as contributors to the family economy.
women became increasingly isolated from the public world
All of the following statements regarding American leisure activities prior to 1860 are true EXCEPT that
men gravitated to taverns for drinking, talking, and game-playing.
reading was a principle leisure activity among affluent Americans.
minstrel shows were increasingly popular.
popular tastes in public spectacle tended toward the bizarre and fantastic.
unpaid vacations were becoming common among the middle class.
unpaid vacations were becoming common among the middle class
In the 1840s, P. T. Barnum’s American Museum in New York showcased
nature and natural history.
American artists.
human oddities.
past American leaders and heroes.
European artists.
human oddities
In 1860, the typical white male American of the Old Northwest (today’s Midwest) was
the owner of a family farm.
a marginal farmer.
a farmhand who did not own his own land.
an industrial worker.
an urban artisan.
the owner of a family farm
For most American farmers, the 1840s and 1850s were a period of
economic decline, as more people moved to urban centers.
rising prosperity, due to increased world demand for farm products.
extreme economic highs and lows brought on by volatile changes in demand.
economic growth in the West but decline in the East.
increasing economic connections between the North and South.
rising prosperity, due to increased world demand for farm products
The main staple crop of the Old Northwest (today’s Midwest) was
Barley.
Soy.
Corn.
Wheat.
cotton.
wheat
In the 1840s, John Deere introduced significant improvements to the
Tractor.
Thresher.
cotton gin.
Reaper.
plow.
plow
In the 1830s, Cyrus McCormick improved grain farming when he patented his
Tractor.
Thresher.
Plow.
Reaper.
mower.
reaper
Prior to 1860, the social institution that most bound together rural Americans was the
church.
tavern.
town hall.
grocery store.
schoolhouse.
church
The historian who wrote “The South [prior to the Civil War] grew, but did not develop” meant that
the southern population increased, but new technology had bypassed the region.
agriculture remained the leading industry of the South, but the plantation system was declining.
the South had failed to move from an agrarian to an industrial economy.
the South had expanded as a geographic region but had developed little prosperity.
the South had created a prosperous plantation system but had not expanded its borders.
the South had failed to move from an agrarian to an industrial economy
Prior to 1860, the center of economic power in the South
was in Charleston, S.C.
remained, as it had been, primarily within the upper South.
remained, as it had been, primarily within the lower South.
shifted from the lower South to the upper South.
shifted from the upper South to the lower South.
shifted from the upper South to the lower South
Tobacco cultivation in the antebellum South
was easy on the soil.
was gradually moving westward.
enjoyed a stable market.
was centered in the lower South.
never made a profit.
was gradually moving westward
Rice and sugar production in the antebellum South
had short growing seasons.
were concentrated in a relatively small geographic area.
had difficulty sustaining profits for growers.
was in considerable decline by the 1850s.
threatened to overwhelm cotton production in the lower South.
were concentrated in a relatively small geographic area
Short-staple cotton
helped to keep the South a predominantly agricultural region.
was less coarse than long-staple cotton.
was easier to process than long-staple cotton.
was more susceptible to disease than long-staple cotton.
was only grown in the coastal regions of the upper South.
helped to keep the South a predominantly agricultural region
During the first half of the nineteenth century, the “cotton kingdom”
was already losing ground to other staples, such as rice and tobacco.
saw wealthy planters outnumber small planters.
did not rely on large numbers of slaves imported directly from Africa.
was the dominant source of the income of the lower South.
still had not adopted the cotton gin, despite the time and resources that could be saved.
was the dominant source of the income of the lower South
Between 1840 and 1860, the American South’s slave population
could not meet the South’s labor needs.
changed little.
dramatically shifted into the Southwest.
declined in overall numbers.
became concentrated in the upper South.
dramatically shifted into the Southwest
By the time of the Civil War, cotton constituted nearly ________ of the total export trade of the United States.
one-fourth
one-tenth
one-third
half
two-thirds
two-thirds
By 1860, the textile manufacturing sector of the American South
was nonexistent.
had increased threefold in value over the previous twenty years.
had declined in value throughout the 1840s and 1850s.
was equal to one-third of the value of cotton exported that year.
had come to dominate the South’s economy.
had increased threefold in value over the previous twenty years
The New Orleans magazine publisher, James B. D. De Bow, championed
southern economic independence from the North.
southern commercial and agricultural growth.
closer economic ties with the North.
southern economic independence from the North, and southern commercial and agricultural growth.
closer economic ties with the North, and southern commercial and agricultural growth.
southern economic independence from the North, and southern commercial and agricultural growth
The South may have failed to develop a large industrial economy due to all the following factors EXCEPT
the humid climate.
little access to liquid capital.
the profitability of cotton.
cultural values.
a shortage of labor.
a shortage of labor
In the late 1850s, many of the great landholders of the lower South were
still first-generation settlers.
part of a wealthy leisure class.
from longstanding aristocratic families.
rooted to one plantation for many generations.
former Old World aristocrats that emigrated from Europe.
still first-generation settlers
Which of the following statements about the southern aristocratic ideal is FALSE?
Wealthy southern whites adopted an elaborate code of “chivalry.”
Dueling became a prominent facet of southern planter life.
Wealthy southern whites prided themselves on their egalitarianism.
Wealthy southern whites pretended to avoid such “coarse” occupations as trade and commerce.
Wealthy southern whites often gravitated toward the military.
Wealthy southern whites prided themselves on their egalitarianism
Prior to 1860, affluent southern white women
had created the most significant challenge to slavery in the South.
occupied a significantly different role from their northern counterparts.
commonly held income-producing jobs.
typically played an important role in public activities.
centered their lives in the home.
cetnered their lives in the home
Prior to 1860, southern women differed from northern women in that they
tended to have more formal education.
were expected to be more subordinate to men.
had fewer children.
generally had a lesser engagement in the economic life of the family.
were more likely to take a role in public activities.
were expected to be more subordinate to men
In the 1850s, the southern social theorist George Fitzhugh wrote that women
had an obligation to speak their minds.
should be the manager of home affairs, while men managed business affairs.
possessed as many rights as men.
were like children.
None of these answers is correct.
were like children
Prior to 1860, southern white women
had about the same access to education as northern white women.
were not expected to engage in manual labor, whatever their social standing.
generally lived lives that were isolated from the wider world.
had a birth rate that was lower than the national average.
were more likely to see their children grow to adulthood than northern white women.
generally lived lives that were isolated from the wider world
Sexual relationships between white southern men and female slaves was
virtually unheard of.
against the law in all slave states.
encouraged by proponents of slavery such as George Fitzhugh.
an accepted cause for divorce in the southern court system.
a common practice.
a common practice
Most “plain folk” of the Old South
owned at least one slave.
were never able to move into the planter class.
were passionately antislavery.
were subsistence farmers who owned at least one slave.
were subsistence farmers who were passionately antislavery.
were never able to move into the planter class
Most white southerners owned
no slaves.
one slave.
two slaves.
three to five slaves.
six to ten slaves.
no slaves
Southern, white, lower-class resentment of the aristocratic system was most likely to be found in
the cities.
river and ocean port towns.
the upper South.
the mountain regions.
the Deep South.
the mountain regions
Southern whites who did not own slaves
rarely married into the families living on large slave plantations.
openly opposed the planter elite.
were forced to move west to maintain a livelihood.
generally opposed the institution of slavery.
were largely dependent on the plantation economy.
were largely dependent on the plantation economy
Perhaps the single strongest unifying factor of pre-Civil War southern whites was their
kinship relationships.
contempt of northern capitalism.
perception of white racial superiority.
fear of federal authority.
intense national pride.
perception of white racial superiority
Which of the following statements about the poorest class of white southerners is FALSE?
They often felt affinity with slaves as members of another oppressed class.
They were known variously as “crackers” or “sand hillers.”
They supported themselves by foraging or hunting.
They suffered from pellagra, hookworm, and malaria.
They were forced to resort at times to eating clay.
They often felt affinity with slaves as members of another oppressed class
The “peculiar institution” was a southern reference to
the plantation.
manufacturing.
capitalism.
slavery.
democracy.
slavery
In 1850, outside of the United States, slavery in the Western Hemisphere also existed in
Colombia.
Brazil.
the Virgin Islands.
Haiti.
no other country.
Brazil
Within the American South, the institution of slavery
isolated blacks and whites from each other.
created a unique bond between masters and slaves.
encouraged blacks to develop a society and culture of their own.
created a unique bond between masters and slaves, while isolating blacks and whites from each other and encouraging blacks to develop a society and culture of their own.
None of these answers is correct.
creted a unique bond between masters and slaves, while isolating blacks and whites from each other and encouraging blacks to develop a society and culture of their own
The slave codes of the American South
defined anyone with a trace of African ancestry as black.
legalized slave marriages.
were rigidly enforced.
considered it a crime for an owner to kill a slave.
banned blacks from attending church.
defined anyone with a trace of African heritage as black
Though the trade and sale of slaves continued to be legal inside the U.S. until the Civil War, the “slave trade,” the importation of slaves from Africa or any other foreign locale, was made illegal in
1808.
1809.
1812.
1815.
None of these answers is correct.
1808
When emancipation came after the Civil War, it was often the ________ who were the first to leave the plantation of their former owners.
field hands
head drivers
house servants
subdrivers
craftsmen
house servants
Most enslaved blacks lived
on small farms.
on medium- to large-sized plantations.
in urban areas.
in rigidly-controlled circumstances.
in Virginia and the Carolinas.
on medium- to large-sized plantations
Which of the following statements regarding slave life is true?
Slaves had to grow all of their own food.
Slaves were not given medical care except by their own efforts.
Slave children did no work until they turned twelve years old.
It was uncommon to divide slave families for long periods of time.
After 1808, the proportion of blacks to whites in the nation steadily declined.
After 1808, the proportion of blacks to whites in the nation steadily declined
Which of the following statements regarding urban slavery is FALSE?
Some urban slaves were skilled trade workers.
Urban slaves were prohibited from having contact with free blacks.
Urban slaves were less supervised than rural slaves.
Urban slaves in the South had little working competition from European immigrants.
The line between slavery and freedom in cities was less distinct.
Urban slaves were prohibited from having contact with free blacks
Prior to 1860, free blacks in the South
were concentrated in the Deep South.
were required by law to leave the South.
increased in number in the 1850s, as laws encouraged owners to free “surplus” slaves.
occasionally attained wealth and prominence and owned slaves themselves.
avoided urban centers such as New Orleans or Natchez, where they might attract attention.
occaisionally attained wealth and prominence and owned slaves themselves
To “manumit” means to
purchase.
punish.
work by hand.
deny.
set free.
set free
Of the following, the most common form of resistance to slavery was
group rebellions.
arson.
running away.
subtle defiance.
poisoning.
subtle defiance
One actual slave revolt that resulted in numerous white deaths in the nineteenth-century South was led by
Nat Turner.
Denmark Vesey.
Gabriel Prosser.
Frederick Douglass.
Harriet Tubman.
Nat Turner
The name given to the effort by whites and blacks to help runaway slaves escape was the
Frederick Douglass road.
underground railroad.
Fugitive Slave Act.
Cumberland passage.
Second Middle Passage.
underground raliroad
A runaway slave making a successful escape from the American South was
highly likely.
likely.
unlikely.
highly unlikely.
impossible.
highly unlikely
Regarding religion, American slaves
were expected to worship in black churches separate from whites.
had mostly converted to Islam by the early nineteenth century.
were usually not allowed to attend a church at all.
shunned Christianity in favor of the polytheistic traditions of Africa.
often incorporated African features into their Christianity.
often incorporated African features into their Christianity
As compared to nineteenth-century white practices, religious services for American slaves
were not allowed, by law, to mention freedom.
were often more emotional.
were generally more despondent and melancholy than white services.
denied all references to their African heritage.
emphasized subservience and submission to God.
were often more emotional
Ways in which slaves expressed elements of their African heritage included
singing songs and playing musical instruments, such as the banjo.
keeping family diaries and other written personal records.
wearing clothing that incorporated traditional African designs or colors.
speaking in their native African languages when out of the presence of whites.
celebrating traditional African feasts and rites of passage, in defiance of white law.
singing songs and playing musical instruments, such as the banjo
In the American slave family,
most couples did not formally marry.
black women typically began bearing children later than white women.
premarital pregnancy was uncommon.
extended kinship networks were strong and important.
premarital cohabitation was frowned upon.
extended kinship networks were strong and important
Which of the following is true of American slave families in the antebellum South?
A child of a slave could not be sold after he or she had reached three years of age.
Blacks typically had weaker family ties than did whites, due to the uncertainties of their lives.
Up to one-third of families were broken apart by the sale of family members.
Most slaves who ran away did so to avoid punishment.
Newly arrived slaves to a plantation were often shunned by the black community.
Up to one-third of families were broken apart by the sale of family members
The central ideology of slavery, and the vital instrument of white control, was
fraternity.
maternalism.
paternalism.
sorority.
egalitarianism.
paternalism
