Quarter 2 Flashcards
Reform movements emerged in America in the mid-nineteenth century in part because of a
pessimistic assumption of the natural weakness of individuals.
desire for social stability and discipline in the face of change.
belief that society needed to break free from its old traditions.
fear that civil war was going to engulf the nation.
declining importance placed on religious piety.
desire for social stability and discipline in the face of change
The most important and popular American paintings of the first half of the nineteenth century set out to
make realistic depictions of rural white American life.
show scenes of American aristocracy at play.
depict the Founding Fathers hard at work.
celebrate the achievements of the American military.
evoke the wonder of the nation’s landscape.
evoke the wonder of the nation’s landscape
In the mid-nineteenth century, the general European attitude toward American art and literature
was one of growing respect and admiration.
was that American artists had little to offer Europe.
included praise for American artists for defining a new set of national virtues.
included criticism of American artists for ignoring romanticism.
was that it had been hopelessly corrupted by the ideology of unfettered capitalism.
was that American artists had little to offer Europe
The Hudson River School of painters emphasized in their work the importance of
democratic ideals.
the yeoman farmer.
natural beauty.
realism.
the founding fathers.
natural beauty
All of the following painters were associated with the Hudson River School EXCEPT
James Whistler.
Thomas Cole.
Frederic Church.
Albert Bierstadt.
Asher Durand.
James Whistler
Which of the following features was NOT a characteristic of the Hudson River School?
canvases that tended to be very large in size
an assumption that America was a land of greater promise than Europe
a belief that democracy was the best source of wisdom and spiritual fulfillment
a sense of nostalgia for a kind of nature that might be disappearing
portraits of some of the nation’s most spectacular and undeveloped areas
a belief that democracy was the best source of wisdom and spiritual fulfillment
All of the following people helped create a distinct American literature EXCEPT
Walt Whitman.
Herman Melville.
James Fenimore Cooper.
Edgar Allan Poe.
Sydney Smith.
Sydney Smith
Through novels such as The Last of the Mohicans, James Fenimore Cooper examined the significance of
the disorder of America’s westward expansion.
the American free-enterprise system.
religious spiritualism in America.
racism in America.
slavery in the democratic mind.
the disorder of America’s westward expansion
Walt Whitman
intensely disagreed with the American transcendentalists.
rejected much of romanticism.
celebrated the liberation of the individual.
was a strong critic of American democracy.
became a strong defender of southern institutions, especially slavery.
celebrated the liberation of the individual
Herman Melville’s most important literary work was
Leaves of Grass.
Moby Dick.
The Deerslayer.
“The Raven.”
Uncle Tom’s Cabin.
Moby Dick
The writings of Edgar Allan Poe were
primarily sad and macabre.
mostly ignored during his lifetime.
largely focused on southern society.
acclaimed by many American writers in his time.
completely ignored in Europe after his death.
primarily sad and macabre
Southern writers such as Augustus B. Longstreet, Joseph G. Baldwin, and Johnson J. Hooper
focused on the lives of aristocrats.
romanticized the institution of slavery.
brought a robust, vulgar humor to American literature.
developed a realist tradition that focused on the lives of ordinary people.
None of these answers is correct.
developed a realist tradition that focused on the lives of ordinary people
Transcendentalists
rejected European intellectuals.
regarded reason to be the most important human faculty.
argued that emotional responses inhibited the internal development of individuals.
believed all individuals should develop their intellectualism.
argued for the liberating potential of “understanding.”
regarded reason to be the most important human faculty
The transcendentalist writer Ralph Waldo Emerson
believed American thinkers should be allied with European intellectuals.
asserted that through nature, individuals could find personal fulfillment.
was a leading critic of the American political system.
asserted that organized religion served no useful purpose in society.
remained a deeply religious clergyman throughout his life.
asserted that through nature, individuals could find personal fulfillment
The transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau
was more conventional in his thinking than Ralph Waldo Emerson.
felt every individual should balance society’s expectations with one’s own instincts.
argued that being part of society helped individuals to transcend their egotism.
established a college for transcendentalism at Walden Pond.
argued Americans had a moral right to disobey the laws of the United States.
argued Americans had a moral right to disobey the laws of the United States
The transcendentalist movement
anticipated the environmental protection movement of the twentieth century.
understood the interconnectedness of species.
made the first scientific studies on behalf of preserving the natural environment.
understood the interconnectedness of species and made the first scientific studies on behalf of preserving the natural environment.
None of these answers is correct.
anticipated the interconnectedness of species and made the first scientific studies on behalf of preserving the natural environment
The goal of the 1840s community experiment known as Brook Farm was partly to
create a society where individuals did not have to work.
allow individuals to live without any social limits on their behavior.
eliminate social sexual discrimination through the practice of celibacy.
help individuals link the world of the intellect to the world of instinct and nature.
show that communal living was more efficient and productive than family life.
help individuals link the world of the intellect to the world of instinct and nature
Who among the following was NOT a participant in American communal living?
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Walt Whitman
George Ripley
John Humphrey Noyes
Robert Owen
Walt Whitman
One of the most enduring of the pre-Civil War utopian colonies was
Oneida.
New Harmony.
Brook Farm.
Walden.
Nauvoo.
Oneida
In redefining gender roles, the experimental 1840s Oneida Community
put women in charge of all major aspects of the community.
was a controversial experiment in “free love.”
demanded celibacy from all its participants.
carefully monitored sexual behavior in order to protect women.
put fathers in charge of child-rearing and taking care of the home.
carefully monitored sexual behavior in order to protect women
Which of the following was arguably the most distinctive feature of Shakerism?
the admittance of women only
communal raising of children
polygamy
free love
complete celibacy
complete celibacy
Shaker societies
asserted that God was female.
established most of their communities in the South.
saw women exercise more power than men.
first began in the United States in the 1840s.
were eventually forced to move to Utah.
saw women exercise more power than men
Mormonism
believed in human perfectibility.
emphasized individual liberty.
was founded by Brigham Young.
began in the Midwest.
always rejected polygamy.
believed in human perfectability
Which statement about Mormonism is FALSE?
Its founder was murdered.
It developed a very fluid, loose social structure.
Early Mormons practiced polygamy.
The first Mormons were generally marginally poor.
Early Mormons met with much persecution from their neighbors.
It developed a very fluid, loose social structure
Nineteenth-century Protestant revivalists such as the New Light revivalists
sought to revive the ideals of Calvinism.
believed that no individual could control his or her personal salvation.
took the lead in the cause to end slavery.
argued that personal salvation could be achieved by individual effort.
believed temperance was detracting from other, loftier reform movements.
argued that personal salvation could be achieved by individual effort
In the 1840s, the organized movement against drunkenness in the United States
linked alcohol to crime and poverty.
grew largely out of immigrant communities.
was actively opposed by a large majority of Americans.
remained a minor social movement.
spent much of its time and resources battling evangelical Protestants.
linked alcohol to crime and poverty
In the 1830s and 1840s, cholera epidemics in the United States
were transmitted to humans by fleas living on rats.
led many cities to build water treatment facilities.
were diminished, as physicians gained a basic understanding of bacteria.
typically killed more than half of those who contracted the disease.
None of these answers is correct.
typically killed more than half of those who contracted the disease
According to the nineteenth-century “science” of phrenology, what could be discerned from the shape of an individual’s skull?
life expectancy
likelihood of succumbing to infectious diseases
future earning potential
chances of having children
character and intelligence
character and intelligence
During the nineteenth century, the largest obstacle to improved medical care in America was the
absence of regulations in the medical profession.
absence of basic knowledge about disease.
low social status of medical professionals.
difficulty of medical experimentation.
apathy of the general population towards preventive health.
absence of basic knowledge about disease
In the 1840s in the United States, an initial understanding of germ theory was developed by
Edward Jenner.
William Morton.
Oliver Wendell Holmes.
James Warren.
Ignaz Semmelweis.
Oliver Wendell Holmes
Prior to 1860, public education in the United States
did not exist.
gave the nation one of the highest literacy rates in the world.
was legally denied for all non-whites.
was funded by the federal government.
emphasized independence and creativity.
gave the nation one of the highest literacy rates in the world
The nineteenth-century reformer Horace Mann believed that education should promote
capitalism.
democracy.
racial equality.
economic equality.
Christianity.
democracy
The Massachusetts reformer who built a national movement for new methods of treating the mentally ill was
Susan B. Anthony.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
Lucretia Mott.
Angelina Grimke.
Dorothea Dix.
Dorothea Dix
Prior to 1860, prison reform in the United States
included the practice of solitary confinement.
led to widespread calls to end capital punishment.
focused on punishment, not on rehabilitation.
began largely in the West and spread to the East.
decried the racial bias of the judicial system.
included the practice of solitary confinement
The nineteenth-century practice of placing American Indians on reservations was partially designed to
integrate Indians with white society.
create sovereign nations within U.S. territory so that Indians could negotiate with other nations.
allow Indians to develop to a point where they would not need to assimilate into white society.
allow them to develop to a point where they could assimilate into white society.
None of these answers is correct.
allow them to develop to a point where they could assimilate into white society
In 1840, one catalyst for an American feminist movement was a London convention that dealt with
woman suffrage.
prostitution.
the abolition of slavery.
temperance.
prison reform.
the abolition of slavery
The 1848 Seneca Falls, New York, convention on women’s rights
issued a manifesto patterned after the Declaration of Independence.
asserted that women should have a place in society distinctly different from that of men.
refused to allow men to attend.
called on the government to treat both genders and all races with equality.
shied away from demanding female suffrage, as this was too radical at the time.
issued a manifesto patterened after the Declaration of Independence
Prior to the Civil War, the religious denomination most active in feminism was the
Baptists.
Quakers.
Presbyterians.
Unitarians.
Methodists.
Quakers
Which of the following nineteenth-century leaders is primarily known for her pioneering work in the American feminist movement?
“Mother” Ann Lee
Harriet Tubman
Sojourner Truth
Rachel Eaton
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
In the early nineteenth century, the American Colonization Society
was founded by white Virginians opposed to slavery.
called for an immediate end to slavery.
opposed the idea of compensation for owners who freed their slaves.
carried out a large-scale resettlement of freed slaves.
was strongly supported by American blacks.
was founded by white Virginians opposed to slavery
The American Colonization Society helped to transport blacks from the United States to
the Caribbean.
Liberia.
Angola.
England.
Canada.
Liberia
William Lloyd Garrison believed the abolitionist movement should
stress the damage that slavery did to blacks rather than to whites.
seek the gradual elimination of slavery.
demand freedom for slaves, but deny them citizenship.
organize slave rebellions throughout the American South.
join forces with the more established American Colonization Society.
stress the damage that slavery did to blacks rather than to whites
Prior to the Civil War, free blacks in the North tended to be
deeply antagonistic toward William Lloyd Garrison.
indifferent to slavery in the South.
anxious to leave the United States.
in favor of the “back to Africa” movement.
strongly opposed to southern slavery.
strongly opposed to southern slavery
The black abolitionist who called for uncompromising opposition to and a violent overthrow of slavery in his 1829 pamphlet was
William Lloyd Garrison.
Frederick Douglass.
Elijah Lovejoy.
Benjamin Lundy.
David Walker.
David Walker
Frederick Douglass
was born free but was sold into slavery as a youth.
wrote for William Lloyd Garrison’s abolitionist newspaper.
spent years lecturing in England against slavery.
was an ordained minister.
argued that blacks wanted only an end to slavery, and not full social equality.
spent years lecturing in England against slavery
In the 1830s, abolitionists in the United States constituted
a small percentage of the national population.
approximately one-quarter of the national population.
the majority of the population in the North.
the largest reform movement in the nation.
approximately one-third of the national population.
a small percentage of the national population
One leading abolitionist who was murdered for his activism was
William Lloyd Garrison.
Frederick Douglass.
Sojourner Truth.
Benjamin Lundy.
Elijah Lovejoy.
Elijah Lovejoy
In the 1830s and 1840s, abolitionists were divided
by radicals and moderates within their ranks.
over whether or not to use violence.
by calls for northern and southern separation.
over the question of free-soil, colonization, or full emancipation.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
In the 1840s, William Lloyd Garrison spoke against
equality for women.
defensive wars.
ending the asylum system.
northern disunion from the South.
extreme pacifism.
defensive wars
The Supreme Court ruling in Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)
prohibited the interstate slave trade.
led to the passage of “personal liberty laws.”
angered abolitionists.
abolished slavery in the District of Columbia.
forced state officials to assist in the capture of runaways.
led to the passage of “personal liberty laws”
Prior to the Civil War, the Liberty Party
supported the rights of slave owners.
opposed the admission of California into the Union in 1850.
promoted “free soil.”
focused on strengthening the fugitive slave laws.
campaigned for outright abolition.
promoted “free soil”
The effect of Uncle Tom’s Cabin on the nation was to
spread the message of abolitionism to an enormous new audience.
reveal the ugly extent of the vicious slave trade to America.
ignite such anger in the South that several states soon seceded from the Union.
offer the first written history of American slavery.
help humanize southern slaveholders in the minds of northern readers.
spread the message of abolitionism to an enormous new audience
Within the ideology of Manifest Destiny were all the following beliefs EXCEPT that
the United States was destined by God and history to expand in size.
the United States should create a vast new “empire of liberty.”
United States expansion was acceptable so long as it stayed out of Mexico and Canada.
the growth of the United States was not selfish but altruistic.
None of these answers is correct, as all of these were beliefs encompassed by the ideology of Manifest Destiny.
United States expansion was acceptable so long as it stayed out of Mexico and Canada
In the 1840s, critics of territorial expansion by the United States
enjoyed considerable political support.
found their greatest support in the “penny press.”
warned it would increase the controversy over slavery.
warned that further expansion would cause rifts with Indian tribes.
All these answers are correct.
warned it would increase the controversy over slavery
President James K. Polk
entered office with very few concrete plans about what he wanted to achieve.
helped his candidacy for office by expressing a desire to re-annex Texas.
had not held any significant electoral office before becoming president.
opposed the occupation of Oregon.
was generally a pacifist, but was ultimately pushed into faster occupation of the West.
helped his candidacy for office by expressing a desire to re-annex Texas
In the 1820s, most of the settlers from the United States who migrated to Texas were
white southerners and their slaves.
white northerners.
free blacks.
Far West whites.
recently-arrived European immigrants.
white southerners and their slaves
In the 1820s and 1830s, the government of Mexico
consistently opposed American immigration into Texas.
consistently favored American immigration into Texas.
remained noncommittal about American immigration into Texas.
moved from opposing to favoring American immigration into Texas.
moved from favoring to opposing American immigration into Texas.
moved from favoring to opposing American immigration into Texas
In 1836, an attack by Mexican forces on the Alamo mission
saw the American garrison executed after it had surrendered.
saw the death of Davy Crockett.
began the Mexican War.
led Americans in Texas to proclaim their independence from Mexico.
was a surprising victory for American forces in Texas.
saw the death of Davy Crockett
In 1836, the Battle of San Jacinto
was a victory for General Santa Anna.
saw British troops fight alongside Mexican troops.
resulted in victory for forces led by Stephen Austin.
led to independence for Texas.
saw Sam Houston briefly taken prisoner.
led to independence for Texas
In 1836, Texas did not immediately join the United States in part because
Congress feared that giving statehood to Texas might lead to war with Mexico.
the American leadership in Texas delayed in applying for statehood.
President Andrew Jackson thought that action would add to sectional tensions.
England had forged its own political ties to Texas.
Texas settlers overwhelmingly did not want to be part of the United States.
President Andrew Jackson thought that action would add to sectional tensions
In the mid-1840s, the Oregon country in the Pacific Northwest
remained the center of the French fur-trading empire.
was primarily occupied by Great Britain.
contained many more English settlers than Americans.
was of little interest to the American government.
included an Indian population that had been devastated by disease.
included an Indian population that had been devastated by disease
Before the early 1850s, Americans who traveled west on the overland trails were generally
relatively young people who traveled in family groups.
over the age of thirty.
from the eastern seaboard states.
wealthy.
domestic servants and prostitutes.
relatively young people who traveled in family groups
Which of the following towns served as a major departure point for migrants traveling west on the overland trails?
Independence, Missouri
Cedar Rapids, Iowa
Ames, Iowa
St. Louis, Missouri
Kansas City, Missouri
Independence, Missouri
Between 1840 and 1860, most migrants traveling west on the overland trails
experienced frequent Indian attacks, which was a leading cause of death.
usually faced trips that lasted between two to three months.
rode in wagons much more than they walked on foot.
found the journey to be a very collective experience.
saw men generally working harder during the trip than women.
found the journey to be a very collective experience
The presidential election of 1844
was a contest between Henry Clay and Martin Van Buren.
was a contest between two solidly pro-expansionists.
was won by a Democrat.
saw a northerner win the presidency.
was primarily a referendum on the leadership of John Tyler.
was won by a Democrat
In 1844, President James K. Polk supported the acquisition of
Oregon.
Texas.
Cuba.
Oregon and Texas.
Cuba and Texas.
Oregon and Texas
As president, James K. Polk
sought war with Britain to resolve the Oregon dispute.
refused the Texas claim to territory that included much of modern New Mexico.
convinced the British government to divide Oregon at the 54°40ʹ parallel.
won congressional approval for the annexation of Texas.
None of these answers is correct.
None of these answers is correct
In 1845, the immediate cause of war with Mexico was
a dispute over territory.
tariffs.
Mexico’s debt to the United States.
the issue of slavery.
the Alamo.
a dispute over territory
The Mexican War resulted in large part from
the United States provoking Mexico to fight.
Mexico provoking the United States to fight.
Texas citizens attacking Mexican forces.
Mexican forces attacking Americans in California.
Texas citizens staging an attack by Mexican forces
the United States provoking Mexico to fight
During the Mexican War,
President Polk considered Zachary Taylor to be his closest ally in Mexico.
American settlers in California staged a revolt with the help of the United States navy.
victory came more easily than President Polk had anticipated.
the actual fighting was confined to Texas and Mexico.
President Polk tried to placate Whigs by minimizing military offensives.
American settlers in California staged a revolt with the help of the United States navy
The key to victory for the United States in the Mexican War was
Zachary Taylor’s taking of Monterrey.
the Bear Flag revolution in California.
Stephen Kearny’s capture of Santa Fe.
Winfield Scott’s seizure of Mexico City.
Nicholas Trist’s diplomatic maneuvering.
Winfield Scott’s seizure of Mexico City
Under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the United States
officially acquired only Texas.
gave up rights to California (for a time) in exchange for New Mexico and Texas.
established an open border with Mexico.
established an American protectorate over Mexico.
agreed to pay millions to Mexico.
agreed to pay millions to Mexico
When President Polk received the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, he
readily accepted the treaty.
faced criticism for failing to acquire all of Mexico.
angrily claimed that Trist had violated his instructions.
made plans for a military occupation of Mexico City.
became concerned about the expansion of slavery into the new territories.
angrily claimed that Trist had violated his instructions
In the 1840s, regional critics of President James K. Polk claimed his policies favored the
North.
South.
East.
West.
Northwest.
South
The Wilmot Proviso
banned all slavery west of the Mississippi River.
passed in the House and was signed into law.
overturned the Missouri Compromise.
was an appropriation to pay for peace with Mexico.
prohibited slavery in any land acquired from Mexico.
prohibited slavery in any land aquired from Mexico
When it came to the issue of the extension of slavery, President James K. Polk favored
an extension of the Missouri Compromise.
popular sovereignty.
free soil.
abolitionism.
the Wilmot Proviso.
an extension of the Missouri Compromise
In the 1848 elections, the new party that emerged as a political force was the
Liberty Party.
Know-Nothing Party.
Free-Soil Party.
Republican Party.
Whig Party.
Free-Soil Party
In the California gold rush,
most of the participants were seasoned miners.
a majority of the participants found some quantities of gold.
upwards of ninety-five percent of the “Forty-niners” were men.
few of the participants ended up staying in California.
Chinese immigrants who arrived were unable to find work.
upwards of ninety-five percent of the “Forty-niners” were men
The Chinese who came to California during the gold rush
typically planned to remain permanently in the state.
usually came with their families.
more often worked as merchants than miners.
had aspirations similar to those of American participants.
found themselves banned from working in the mines.
had aspirations similar to those of American participants
As a result of the gold rush, by 1850,
Californian Indians saw their social conditions improve.
California had a large surplus of labor.
California had a very diverse population.
California had a population larger than any state in the Union.
California became virulently antislavery.
California had a very diverse population
In 1849, President Zachary Taylor favored admitting California
as a free state.
as a slave state.
with no determination on the issue of slavery.
as a territory.
as two separate states, one slave and one free.
as a free state
The admission of California into the United States was a divisive national issue because
westerners in other territories believed they deserved statehood before California.
California’s entry would upset the nation’s numerical balance of free and slave states.
most Californians opposed entry into the United States.
California adopted a constitution that allowed slavery.
lawmakers believed California gold would upset the currency and cause inflation.
California’s entry would upset the nation’s numerical balance of free and slave states
During the debate on the Compromise of 1850,
Daniel Webster managed to forge a successful compromise.
John C. Calhoun called for southern secession if California were admitted as a free state.
Stephen A. Douglas stepped down as secretary of state.
Jefferson Davis resigned from the Senate.
President Zachary Taylor suddenly died.
President Zachary Taylor suddenly died
The Compromise of 1850 allowed for the admission of California
as a slave state.
along with a strengthened Fugitive Slave Act.
along with an agreement to construct a transcontinental railroad.
with the agreement that there would be no additional states added for ten years.
as a free state, along with Utah and New Mexico as slave states.
along with a strengthened Fugitive Slave Act
The passage of the Fugitive Slave Act
intensified the debate over slavery.
upset southerners as much as northerners.
was readily accepted by northerners in the spirit of compromise.
upset southerners as much as northerners, but was readily accepted by northerners in the spirit of compromise.
None of these answers is correct.
intensified the debate over slavery
In the election of 1852,
neither party endorsed the Compromise of 1850.
the Free-Soil Party gained strength.
the Democrats selected a war hero as their candidate.
the Whigs were united.
the Free-Soil Party endorsed the Compromise of 1850.
the Free-Soil Party gained strength
In the 1850s, in an effort to undercut the Fugitive Slave Act, some northern states
called for secession from the South.
proposed a national referendum on the slave issue.
passed laws preventing the deportation of fugitive slaves.
forbid fugitive slave hunters from traveling in their state.
began actively funding the underground railroad.
passed laws preventing the deportation of fugitive slaves
In the 1850s, the “Young America” movement
called for a national resolution of the slave controversy.
supported the expansion of American democracy throughout the world.
was promoted by Whigs.
called for a constitutional ban on slavery.
believed America should avoid the slavery controversy by limiting future expansion.
supported the expansion of American democracy throughout the world
The 1854 Ostend Manifesto
enraged southern slaveowners.
was directed at limiting England’s influence in the Caribbean.
was part of an attempt by the United States to acquire Cuba.
saw several European powers denounce American slavery.
prohibited slavery in the Hawaiian Islands.
was part of an attempt by the United States to acquire Cuba
In the 1850s, the issue of slavery complicated the proposal to build a transcontinental railroad, as
it raised the question of whether or not slaves would be used as railroad labor.
non-slaveowning northerners and slaveowning southerners could not agree on a route.
British banks refused to help fund the project as long as slavery existed in the United States.
it raised the question of whether or not slaves would be used as railroad labor, and British banks refused to help fund the projects as long as slavery existed in the U.S.
None of these answers is correct.
non-slaveowning northerners and slaveowning southerners could not agree on a route
The 1853 Gadsden Purchase
temporarily calmed the rivalry between North and South.
was made with England.
advanced the cause of a southern route for the transcontinental railroad.
fulfilled the treaty ending the Mexican War.
cost the United States government $25 million.
advanced the cause of a southern route for the transcontinental railroad
Which of the following statements regarding the Kansas-Nebraska Act is FALSE?
It divided and destroyed the Whig Party.
It led to the creation of the Republican Party.
It created two new territories.
It explicitly repealed the Missouri Compromise.
It was sponsored by Henry Clay.
It was sponsored by Henry Clay
The political party that came into being largely in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act was the
Republican Party.
Know-Nothings.
Populist Party.
Abolitionist Party.
Jayhawk Party.
Republican Party
In the mid-1850s, the struggle over Kansas saw
President Franklin Pierce oppose pro-slavery settlers in the territory.
John Brown murder several pro-slavery settlers.
the Missouri legislature ban its own citizens from entering Kansas.
federal troops take military control of the region.
a large antislavery posse sack the pro-slavery town of Lawrence, Kansas.
John Brown murder several pro-slavery settlers
The 1856 beating of Charles Sumner on the floor of the United States Senate
was in response to a pro-slavery speech he had given.
was a vicious assault carried out by a member of the House of Representatives.
was strongly condemned in the South.
resulted in Sumner’s death from his injuries weeks later.
All these answers are correct.
was a vicious assault carried out by a member of the House of Representatives
The ideology of Free-Soil included
opposition to the expansion of slavery.
a call to end slavery in the United States as soon as possible.
the use of military force to suppress slavery.
the argument that slavery was tremendously harmful to American blacks.
an argument for black male suffrage.
opposition to the expansion of slavery
Southern defenders of slavery made all the following arguments EXCEPT that
southern slaves enjoyed better conditions than northern industrial workers.
blacks were inherently unfit to take care of themselves.
slavery allowed whites and blacks to live together peacefully.
black codes protected slaves from abuse.
the southern way of life was superior to any other in the world.
black codes protected slaves from abuse
In The Pro-Slavery Argument (1837), John C. Calhoun stated that slavery was
likely to be adopted by non-slave states within fifty years.
a “necessary evil.”
a “positive good.”
likely to end in the United States within fifty years.
the “American way of life.”
a “positive good”
The first Republican candidate for president was
James Buchanan.
Stephen Douglas.
Abraham Lincoln.
Millard Fillmore.
John C. Frémont.
John C. Frémont
The election of 1856 saw
no significant third party in the field.
the Whig Party make a strong comeback.
the Democrats elect a young and forceful pro-slavery leader.
former president Millard Fillmore in the running.
the Republicans run against the idea of internal improvements.
former president Millard Fillmore in the running
The Supreme Court ruling in the case of Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) held that
Scott must be freed under federal law.
slaves were property unless they moved to a free state.
states were not allowed to abolish slavery within their borders.
the freedom of a slave could not be purchased by a black person.
the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional.
the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional
James Buchanan
weakly opposed the Dred Scott decision.
opposed the admission of Kansas as a slave state.
pressured Congress to admit Kansas under the Lecompton constitution.
refused to enforce the Supreme Court’s Dred Scott decision.
None of these answers is correct.
pressured Congress to admit Kansas under the Lecompton constitution
The 1857 Lecompton (Kansas) constitution was
twice rejected by a majority of Kansas voters.
rejected, then approved by Kansas voters.
antislavery.
written by Stephen Douglas.
approved and later reaffirmed by Kansas voters.
twice rejected by a majority of Kansas voters
Kansas entered the United States
after several southern states had left the Union.
as a slave state.
well after the Civil War ended.
during the administration of Abraham Lincoln.
at the same time the former Confederate states rejoined the Union.
after several southern states had left the Union
In the 1858 Abraham Lincoln-Stephen Douglas debates,
Lincoln called for a full and immediate abolition of slavery.
Lincoln made his case so strongly that he was elected to the Senate.
the two men agreed that a civil war over slavery was inevitable.
Douglas asserted that slavery was legal but not immoral.
Lincoln argued slavery was a threat to the growth of white free labor.
Lincoln argued slavery was a threat to the growth of white free labor
During the 1858 Abraham Lincoln-Stephen Douglas debates, it became clear that Lincoln
believed slavery was morally acceptable under certain conditions.
was an abolitionist.
believed racial equality was feasible at the time if certain concessions were made to southern elites.
believed slavery was morally wrong, but was not an abolitionist.
None of these answers is correct.
believed slavery was morally wrong, but was not an abolitionist
As a result of his 1858 debates with Stephen Douglas, Abraham Lincoln
gained many new supporters outside of Illinois.
won election to the United States Senate.
came to be regarded by southerners as an antislavery fanatic.
was appointed to the leadership of the Republican Party.
was appointed to an open House seat by the Republican governor of Illinois.
gained many new supporters outside of Illinois
Following John Brown’s 1859 raid on Harpers Ferry, many southerners were convinced that
the raid was the isolated act of an antislavery fanatic.
Brown had been given the support of the Republican Party.
northern politicians would use the raid as an excuse to further restrict slavery.
the abolitionist movement would shortly fall into disgrace.
his execution would put a stop to northern agitation over slavery once and for all.
Brown had been given the support of the Republican Party
In the 1860 elections, the political party most deeply divided over slavery was the
Republican Party.
Know-Nothing Party.
Constitutional Union Party.
Democratic Party.
Whig Party
Democratic Party
In the election of 1860,
Abraham Lincoln was elected with much less than half of the popular vote.
the Republican political platform called for an end to slavery.
Abraham Lincoln’s relative obscurity proved to be a drawback.
Stephen Douglas narrowly lost in the electoral vote.
disenchanted northern Democrats nominated John Bell for president.
Abraham Lincoln was elected with much less than half of the popular vote
In the election of 1860,
the Republicans called for a suspension of plans for a transcontinental railroad.
Stephen Douglas received a larger popular vote than Abraham Lincoln.
John Bell and J. C. Breckinridge, taken together, bested Lincoln in the popular vote.
the Republicans won a narrow majority in Congress.
white southerners concluded that their position in the Union was hopeless.
white southerners concluded that their position in the Union was hopeless
By the end of 1862, Union forces
had made considerable progress in the West.
were having little success in the East.
had closed the mouth of the Mississippi to Confederate trade.
had driven Confederate forces out of Kentucky.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
Which of the following statements about George B. McClellan is FALSE?
He ran against Abraham Lincoln in the election of 1864.
He originally served as commander of the Army of Northern Virginia.
He was found to have, in Lincoln’s opinion, a wholly inadequate grasp of strategy.
He served briefly as chief of staff but returned to the field in March 1862.
He was eventually replaced by General Henry W. Halleck.
He originally served as commander of the Army of Northern Virginia
In 1860 and 1861, President James Buchanan asserted
that states had the constitutional right to secede from the United States.
that the federal government had no authority to stop a state from seceding from the Union.
that he would surrender Fort Sumter if South Carolina would rejoin the Union.
that he would not resupply Fort Sumter, as it was a lost cause.
All these answers are correct.
that the federal government had no authority to stop a state from seceding from the Union
In the South in 1865, as a result of the Civil War,
there were more women than men in some states.
large numbers of widowed Southern women married Union soldiers.
few women could find employment.
the traditional roles of women were reinforced and maintained.
women were granted the right to vote for their wartime service.
there were more women than men in some states
Which of the following technologies was used, but did not play a major part in, the Civil War?
cannons
repeating rifles
submarines
the telegraph
railroads
submarines
General Ulysses S. Grant
did not agree with Abraham Lincoln’s general strategic objectives.
followed Winfield Scott as Lincoln’s military chief of staff.
believed the key to victory was to capture the Confederate capital.
was ultimately succeeded by Henry W. Halleck as chief of staff of the army.
thought the main Union effort should target enemy armies and resources.
thought the main Union effort should target enemy armies and resources
The Union’s Committee on the Conduct of the War
greatly interfered with the military chain of command and the conduct of the war.
was organized by President Abraham Lincoln.
limited the financial expenditures by the military.
criticized Union generals for having too many combat deaths on both sides.
was consistently opposed by Radical Republicans such as Benjamin Wade.
greatly interfered with the military chain of command and the conduct of war
In the course of the Civil War,
the ruling classes of England and France strongly opposed the Confederacy.
the English government consistently supported the Confederacy.
the French government formally recognized the Confederacy.
English textile workers thrown out of jobs came to resent and oppose the Union.
popular support for the Union was strong in England.
popular support for the Union was strong in England
On April 14, 1861, Fort Sumter surrendered after
Confederate forces bombarded it.
President Lincoln chose to not resupply the fort.
Southern soldiers occupied the fort.
the fort’s commander decided to join the Confederacy.
the Union commanding officer, Robert Anderson, was killed.
Confederate forces bombarded it
African American soldiers in the Union
constituted a large segment of the initial volunteers who joined the war effort.
died in combat in larger numbers than white soldiers.
were not paid for their military service.
experienced a higher mortality rate than white soldiers.
were allowed only to dig trenches and transport water.
experienced a higher mortality rate than white soldiers
At the start of the Civil War, the armed forces of the United States
saw many of its soldiers stationed in the West.
did not include a navy.
consisted of roughly 400,000 troops.
was largely made up of military draftees.
had almost entirely defected to the Confederate side.
saw many of its soldiers stationed in the West
The Battle of Gettysburg
represented the last time Confederate forces seriously threatened Union territory.
saw Union General George Meade lose nearly a third of his army.
saw Union General George Meade clearly be more aggressive than Robert E. Lee.
saw Robert E. Lee poised for victory after his attack on Cemetery Ridge.
was a Union victory, thanks to Meade having found a copy of Lee’s orders.
represented the last time Confederate forces seriously threatened Union territory
The most important Union military commander was
George McClellan.
Ulysses S. Grant.
Abraham Lincoln.
William Tecumseh Sherman.
George Meade.
Abraham Lincoln
Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House after
President Jefferson Davis announced the Confederate government was defeated.
President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated.
Lee recognized the futility of continued fighting.
President Lincoln met President Davis.
President Jefferson Davis was captured by Union forces.
Lee recognized the futility of continued fighting
The 1862 Morrill Land Grant Act was designed to help
industry.
education.
banks.
railroads.
free blacks.
education
The Crittenden Compromise found its greatest support in
Republican senators.
Southern senators.
President Abraham Lincoln.
abolitionists.
the western territories.
Southern senators
All of the following slave states remained in the Union EXCEPT
Kentucky.
Arkansas.
Maryland.
Missouri.
Delaware.
Arkansas
