Quarter 1 Flashcards
Bradford was one of the original
Dutch/mayflower pilgrims
Of Plymouth plantation is Bradford’s personal journal:account reveals determination to record he entire pilgrim story—departure from holland, voyage settlement—all……?
Dedicated gods plan in history
What is Bradford’s writing style ?
He wrote in “plain” to tell the “simple truth in all things”
What was the “simple truth”?
Account of the actions of gods chosen people (the new Israelites) sent on divine errand in wilderness
Their (pilgrims/chosen people of god) is the “Christian millennium”:
Everything is a sign of gods hand
Jeremiad
A primary type of Puritan writing based on the bibles prophetic books in which the writer presents an anguished call for a return to the lost purity of earlier times
The second generation of Bradford’s settlement…
Forgets it’s piety and becomes more focused on commerce.
Rise of science: royal society? Year founded?
1672: British scientific academy
Newton (structured universe) and Locke (argues for the use of human reason) argues that the universe was ________
An orderly system and that man could understand its laws by the application of reason
To newton and Locke the world seemed
Comprehensible and benevolent
Rise of science: people paid less attention to ….?
Religion, seeing every natural and human event as a message from god as now old fashioned
Deism: values of progress:
From religion to science(since we now have the evidence)
Deism: America is now advancing from
Barbarianism to civilization, wild to tame landscape, history advances not towards gods millennium but to achievements of human progress resting on individual energy and character
Deism: deduced the existence of god from the construction of
The universe, not the bible
Deism: assumed humans were naturally good, dumped the notion of
Original sin
Deism: a harmonious universe suggested benevolent God, who having set the universe in motion, gave
humans the reason to understand the workings of creation. Everything including human society operates under rules
Deism: “Know then thyself, presume not to scan/ the proper _______
Study of mankind is man
-Alexander pope
Ben Franklin: best represents the spirit of the _____ : self educated man of the world, public-spirited, speculative of the ______________ , on religion preferred to watcn_________ rather then debate unprovable theology
Spirit
The nature of the universe
Human behavior
Ben Franklin: depended on
First hand experience
Ben Franklin: he never denied the existence of god but ,
Made room for exercise of human reason
Ben Franklin:
a secularists Puritan: spiritual questions of the past now become questions of ethics like
Self-discipline or public service
What did Ben Franklin publish?
The poor Richards almanac which was full of practical advice and wisdom
Puritanism: what three important forces influenced colonial Puritanism?
1) social system of 17th-C England
2) Calvinism
3) the New England environment
Puritanism: the social system of the 17th-C England
- medieval feudalism
- church and state closely related
- the colonial puritans unconsciously accepted the class system of England
Puritanism: medieval feudalism
- English social system essential to this feudalism
- society was highly stratified consisting of a upper class, middle class, and lower class
Puritanism: medieval feudalism -upper class
Royalty- king and his family
High nobility- possessing titles and estates
High Ecclesiastics- powerful bishops
Puritanism: medieval feudalism middle class
Untitled gentry -moderate possessions and power
Minor church ministers
Burghers - merchants and guild masters
Puritanism: medieval feudalism lower class
Journeymen- workers
Town laborers
Renters- worked for gentry
Puritanism: how were the church and state were closely related ?
King official headed the church
State gave concessions to church
Church supported monarchy
Puritanism: why did the puritans unconsciously accept the class system of England ?
They had no intention on establishing a immunity based on democratic equality Puritan leaders came from middle class They were accustomed to looking down on lower class Middle class naturally assumed leadership roles Puritan churches intimately involved in the state
Bradford wrote before
Winthrop
Background for England’s influence on American literature
- The renaissance
- Reign under Henry VIII
- Elizabeth I
- migrations to the new world
What flowered in England on ascension of Henry VIII
The renaissance
The renaissance
Arriving for talk, was the rebirth of letters and art stimulates by recovery and study of texts from classical ancient past studied for moral, political, philosophical truths, and moral values.
What is sometimes referred to humanism?
The recognition of dignity and potential of individual and worth of life in the world
Henry VIII
Married Catherine of Aragon in 1509 to cement alliance with Spain and England begins colonizing. He wants a son but Catherine gave him daughter (Mary)…wants to divorce. Falls in love with Anne Boelin in 1527 and she gives him Elizabeth I. He decides to divorce Catherine with or without papal consent.
Why was the popular opinion in England against the Catholic Church?
Bc English people respected paying taxes to a distant church (without popular support there would be no Church of England)
Between 1527-36, Henry VIII swedes ties with Catholic Church amd seizes land starting the reformation which is what?
The cleansing of the Catholic Church from the corruption of past centuries
The reformation movement begins what?
The secularization and elevation of government under church authority which
- gives people a vested property interest in church to keep property
- reason to support king who has given them former church property
- keeps most of catholic church’s ceremonies
What happens after the Henry VIII?
His oldest daughter Mary takes the throne and tries to being England back to Catholicism.
~ hundreds of Protestants killed in persecution! many fled to Switzerland and Germany absorbing radical Calvinist doctrines
The reform of the English church mirrors what?
The great Protestant reformation stayed by Martin Luther in 1517
Hat was martin Luther’s messege?
God spoke through the bible (not priests) and people were saved by faith and gods grace
John Calvin
Teaches doctrine of predestination
The doctrine of predestination
God “elects” those who will he saved. People must do food deeds and live well to prove they had “grace” and were the “elect”
Puritans
People who followed the doctrine of predestination
What happened during the reign of Elizabeth during 1558-1603?
- English took first step towards colonizing America
- Shakespeare writes the tempest
- states are names after her(virginia) and other British royalty
Migrations to the new world
-English monarchs gave charters to many different types of settlements
Migrations to new world motivations
Religious: some wanted to institute a purer form or worship based on scripture (puritans and separatists)
Economic: others dreamed of owning land and of bettering social position (almost impossible with England’s expanding population)
Individual/political: some came to escape marriages, jail terms
What fueled religious migration in the 1640s?
A war I’m England where james I and son Charles I suppressed puritans
-causing war and rise of Puritan Oliver Cronwell
Did the colonies socially connect?
No, they despised each other
1607 and 1629
1607- settlement in Jamestown Virginia established, headed by John smith
1629- j. Winthrop establishes Massachusetts bay colony
Deism
- emerged from the enlightenment
- marked by emphasis on human inquiry
- self confident challenge of traditional religious, political, and social ideals
- rejected revelation
French deists
Writings of Voltaire, Jean-Jacques, Rousseau, and Diderot personifies the movement
Voltaire
Argued for use of reason as common sense and spread Locke’s ideas on political and religious tolerance, attacked dogmatic Christianity
In England the most influential philosophical/scientific works came from these people, who set the foundation of deism.
- Francis bacon
- Isaac Newton
- John Locke
Bacon
Philosopher and lawyer, insisted that observation and experience (not abstract principals) provided the only true foundations of knowledge.
Newton
Leading physicist applying bacons methodology to science, concentrated on discovering and reporting immutable laws of nature
Locke
Argued that human experience and rationality (rather than religious dogma and mystery) determined the validity of human beliefs
Movements on the radical wing of deism viewed Christianity as…
Barrier to moral improvement and social justice
What helped popularize deism in the us?
Thomas paines age of reason
How did Paine view Christianity
As a negative influence on world history, saw it as a “fable”
Herbert’s five points of deism
- There is a god
- He ought to be worshipped
- Virtue is the principal element in worship
- Humans should repent their sin
- Life after death
In deism, what was paramount in determining religious truth?
Reason
Did diests believe in the biblical revelation?
No, they found it faulty when subjected to rational analysis
What did deists advocate ?
Universal education, freedom of press, and separation of church and state
Belief in reason and equality drove deists to…
Embrace liberal political ideals
Thomas Paine
- democratic republican
- deist
- does not believe in the creeds professed by any churches
- believes in a single god, happiness
- All national institutions of faith and dogma have been instituted to rule over the lives of people, he opines.
- doesn’t criticize Jesus says he’s a virtuous and amiable man
- critical of Christianity, saw it as corrupt and rooted in superstition.
Age of reason
Intellectual attack on orthodox Christianity
-disagreed with God revealing himself through miraculous or supernatural means. Instead, Paine argued there was a God, but he could only be understood or known through human reason.
