Quantitative research (planning and collecting)

Question 1

What are the steps of quantitative research?

Answer 1

1. formulate the objectives
2. prepare the research instrument (survey)
3. create a sample structure
4. collect the data
5. analyze the results (SPSS)

Question 2

What are the steps to developing a questionnaire?

Answer 2

1. develop the question topics
2. select question and response format
3. select wording
4. determine sequence
5. design layout and appearance
6. pilot test
7. undertake the survey

Question 3

What should you do to develop the question topics?

Answer 3

-> clarify what should be asked
-> identify the best way of tackling each topic
-> determine the most relevant wording
-> determine the statements to be used in rating scales

Question 4

What should be the outline of your questionnaire?

Answer 4

1. introduction
2. A: screening/selection questions
3. B-E: generic specific questions
4. F: demographic

Question 5

What are dichotomous and multichotomous responses&

Answer 5

dichotomous: 2 responses
multichotomous: multiple responses

Question 6

What are the 4 types of measurement scales?

Answer 6

nominal - assigns labels
ordinal - places in order
interval - in order and how far apart
ratio- a real number

Question 7

What is the measurement scale of these questions?
1. gender
a. male
b. female
2. rank theses brands in order of preference:
a. banana republic
b. gap
c. H&M
3. Do you agre with this statement (1 being not at all, 5 being totally agree)
a.1
b.2
c. 3
d.4
e. 5
4. Select your favorite brand
a. gap
b. banana republic
c. zara
5. rank these attributes in importance (1being most, 3 being least)
a. quality
b. price
c. brand

Answer 7

1. nominal
2. ordinal
3. interval
4. nominal
5. ordinal

Question 8

What are the steps to selecting your sample

Answer 8

1. define the target population
2. identify the sampling frame
3. select a sampling procedure
4. select the sample characteristics
5. determine the sample size

Question 9

What is the sampling frame?

Answer 9

the list of elements from which the sample is drawn
ex: from a list of postal codes, from university directory, etc

Question 10

What are the 2 types of sampling procedure?

Answer 10

probability and non-probability

Question 11

What are the types of probability sampling?

Answer 11

simple random
stratified
cluster

Question 12

what is simple random sampling?

Answer 12

every element has an equal probability to be selected.
ex: with random number generator

Question 13

What is a stratified sampling?

Answer 13

division of the population into smaller subsets according to certain attributes (gender, income,etc)

simple random sample chosen from each subset

Question 14

What is a cluster sampling?

Answer 14

create clusters that each represent the population (one of each)

select a whole cluster

Question 15

What are the types of non-probability sampling?

Answer 15

convenience
judgment
snowballing
quota

Question 16

what is a convenience sampling?

Answer 16

easy to access, no way of knowing if they represent the population

Question 17

what is a judgment sampling

Answer 17

handpicked since they serve the purpose (ex: choose parents because survey on kids)

Question 18

what is a snowballing sampling?

Answer 18

start and recruit via referral

Question 19

what is quota sampling?

Answer 19

select sample to represent population via categories of quota

Question 20

What are the three sample size determination methods?

Answer 20

1. comparability
2. budget availability
3. statistical method

Question 21

what information do you need in order to calcule the sample size?

Answer 21

1. size of the population
2. confidence level
3. margin of error
4. expected variance (proportion)

Question 22

What are the two types of errors in sample ?

Answer 22

sampling
non-sampling

Question 23

what is a sampling error

Answer 23

difference between statistics and true expected value over many repetitions of the sample

reduce by increasing the sample size

Question 24

what is a non-sampling error

Answer 24

errors in conception, logic, interpretation, statistics, etc

cannot be fixed by a bigger sampling size

Question 25

what are the two types of non-sampling errors?

Answer 25

1. non-observation
   a. non-coverage (sampling
   frame errors
   b. nonresponse
2. observation
   a. collecting the data (field)
   b. processing the data (most
   prevalent)