Quantitative Research Designs Flashcards
These are things or any characteristics that can take on value such as height, sex, weight, etc.; connotes changes.
Variables
What are the two types of variables?
Dependent & Independent
Can be classified as the cause as its value is independent of other variables in a certain study.
Independent variable
Can be considered as the effect as its value depends on the changes brought by the independent variables.
Dependent Variable
Refers to the group of participants who receive a stimulus by the proponents.
treatment/experimental group
Receives no treatment, thus can be considered as the standard or baseline.
control group
This occurs when the proponents intentionally change how the independent variable is presented to participants.
Manipulation- occurs in the classical and in quasi experimental; not in descriptive.
This process involves the proponents in randomly assigning the participants to or at least two groups.
random assignment
A plan or a strategy and helps in answering these questions: What do you want to find out? And How can you best do that?
research design
What are the types of Quantitative Research Designs?
- Experimental Forms (True Experimental)
- Quasi-Experimental Forms
- Pre-Experimental Forms
- Non-Experimental Forms (Descriptive)
In this type of quantitative research design, it yields the researchers curiosity in finding the cause/s of something; deals with cause-and-effect relationship.
Experimental Research Design
Experimental: In this type, several criteria are present such as the subjects, variables, and treatment or intervention which are controlled by the study proponents thus there will be experimental and control group and subjects are assigned to groups.
True Experimental Design.
The key feature of this design is that the researchers controls the treatment or intervention of the independent variable, as what we have tackled a while back, by randomly assigning the participants or the subjects to the control and/or treatment groups
What are the types of TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS?
- Posttest
- Pretest-Posttest
- Factorial Design
In this design, the subjects are randomly assigned to the groups. Afterwards, post test will be given to both groups.
POSTTEST
Here subjects will also be randomly assigned to groups then both groups will be given pretest. During the pretest, the proponents will measure the dependent variable before the treatment or experimental group is exposed to stimuli. Afterwards, both groups will take a posttest.
PRETEST-POSTTEST
In this design, treatment groups are based on two or more independent variables. Further, this design is used when proponents are to investigate complex type of cause-and-effect relationships, especially those that cannot be tested enough using only one independent variable. Control group is still present.
FACTORIAL DESIGN
In this type of design, participants are also engaged throughout that long period time of the study.
LONGITUDINAL DESIGN
True or False: Following are the limitations of Experimental Research Design:
- Manipulation
- Precision
- Convenient and not that costly
False. Those are the strengths of Experimental Research Design.
True or False: These are the limitations of Experimental Research Design:
- Ethics
- Unguaranteed significant effects
- Unreal pure manipulations
True.
Also seeks to establish a cause-and-effect link between an independent and dependent variable, but does not rely on random assignment. Subjects are instead assigned to groups based on non-random criteria.
Quasi-Experimental Forms (QEF)
The following are types of Quasi-Experimental Design except for:
a. Non-randomized control design
b. Time Series Design
c. Systematic Coding Design
d. Pretest-Posttest Design
c. Systematic Coding Design
QEF:
-Dependent variables are observed in experimental as well as control groups before the intervention.
-Later, the experimental group receives treatment, following which the posttest observation of dependent variable is carried out for both the groups to assess the effect of the intervention or treatment on experimental group.
Non-randomized control design.
Also known as “nonequivalent control group design”
This design is identical to the pretest- posttest group design, except there is no random assignment of the study subjects in experimental and control groups.
QEF:
Application: Non-randomized control design
You hypothesize that a new after-school program will lead to higher grades. You choose two similar groups of children who attend different schools, one of which implements the new program while the other does not. By comparing the children who attend the program with those who do not, you can find out whether it has an impact on grades.
QEF: In this type, the researcher would continue to administer the treatment and measure the effects several times during the course of the experiment.
Time Series Design
QEF: The dependent variable is measured once before the treatment is implemented and once after it is implemented.
Pretest-Posttest Design
QEF: The dependent variable is measured once before the treatment is implemented and once after it is implemented.
Pretest-Posttest Design
True or False: It is recommended for a researcher to use Quasi-Experimental Design because it is…
- Ethical
- Practical
True.
Researchers examine how the manipulation of at least one independent variable leads to a change in a dependent variable in the context of the natural environment.
Field Experiments
This type of experimental design shows a single or multiple groups will be observed after a treatment is applied; can be considered as the simplest form of research design.
Pre-experimental Design (PED)
However, it can also be considered as a weak type as researchers has little control over such.
What are the 2 types of Pre-experimental Design?
- ONE-SHOT CASE STUDY
2. ONE GROUP PRETEST-POSTTEST DESIGN
PED: In this design, no control group or comparison is applied. It is just observing a single group at a single point in time after it was exposed to an experimental treatment
ONE-SHOT CASE STUDY
This type of design is just like the pretest-posttest in the true experiment yet again, it has no control group applied thus, no comparison is done between two groups. On the other hand, what will be compared are the descriptions of the subject before and after taking the experimental treatment
ONE-GROUP PRETEST-POSTTEST DESIGN
This type of research that lacks the manipulation of an independent variable. Rather than manipulating an independent variable, researchers conducting non-experimental research simply measure variables as they naturally occur (in the lab or real world).
NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (NER)
-Non-experimental research takes place in a real-life setting, and it is not possible for the researcher to control all possible variables because there are ways that need to follow to be incline with the topic.
What are the types of Non-experimental Research?
- Survey
- Historical Research
- Observational Research
- Correlational Research
- Descriptive Research
- Comparative Research
NER: In this type, the researcher selects a sample of respondents and administers a questionnaire or conducts interviews to gather data to dig more on the topic they wanted to get the answer, which are then used to describe the population.
Survey
It seeks to interpret the past events. The purpose of this research is to gather the opinion about the past persons or occurrences. It also entails more on simply getting all the information from the past and presenting information that requires interpretation of the information.
Historical Research
Focuses on making observations of behavior in a natural or laboratory setting without manipulating anything.
Observational Research
The researcher measures two variables with little or no attempt to control extraneous variables and then assesses the relationship between them.
Correlational Research
Primarily focuses on describing the nature of a demographic segment, without focusing on “why” a particular phenomenon occurs. In other words, it “describes” the subject of the research, without covering “why” it happens.
Descriptive Research
The act of comparing two or more things with a view to discovering something about one or all of the things being compared.
Comparative Research
