Quantitative Lecture 4 Flashcards
Research Ethics
What is the definition of ethics in research?
Ethics is a philosophical term derived from the Greek word ethos (character), relating to the appropriateness of a researcher’s behavior towards participants or those affected by the research.
At what stages can ethical issues arise in a research project?
Ethical issues can arise at any stage of a research project.
What are some examples of ethical guidelines in research?
British Psychological Society, The Concordat on Research Integrity (Universities UK), ESRC framework for research ethics, Loughborough University.
What unethical practice did Dr. Lauretta Bender conduct?
Dr. Bender subjected young children to electroshock therapy, believing it to be a revolutionary treatment for social issues.
She used shock therapy on more than 100 children, the youngest being three years old.
What was the focus of Wendell Johnson and Mary Tudor’s study?
Their study focused on stuttering among 22 orphans, where one group received positive therapy and the other negative therapy, leading to long-term speech problems in the latter.
They never published their results due to fear of comparison to Nazi human experimenters.
What ethical issues were present in Milgram’s 1974 experiment?
The ethical issues included deception, mental harm to participants, and lack of withdrawal rights.
When should ethics be applied in research?
Ethics should be applied before, at the beginning, during, and after the study.
What is the Four Component Model by Rest (1982)?
It views ethical thinking as progressing through stages: ethical sensitivity, ethical reasoning, ethical motivation, and ethical implication.
What is ethical sensitivity?
Ethical sensitivity involves interpreting a situation and identifying the presence of an ethical issue, which can vary considerably.
Herbert et al (1990) found variability in ethical issues identified by medical students from a vignette.
What does ethical reasoning entail?
Ethical reasoning is the process of formulating the morally ideal course of action by identifying relevant ethical issues and considering appropriate actions.
What is ethical motivation?
Ethical motivation refers to the intention to act ethically, linked to personal values.
The Bystander Effect illustrates this tendency in team situations.
What does ethical implication involve?
Ethical implication refers to executing and implementing an ethical plan, such as responding to a peer who fabricated data.
