quantative chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

what is an example of a closed system

A

a stoppered flask

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2
Q

what is a closed substance

A

where no substances can enter or leave

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3
Q

what closed systems happen in an open beaker

A

acid-alkali neutralisation reactions

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4
Q

what is an example of a non-enclosed system

A

open flasks or boiling tubes

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5
Q

example of a non-enclosed system

A

magnesium reacts with oxygen gained from the air to from magnesium oxide

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6
Q

what is thermal decomposition

A

substance that breaks down into 2 or more substances when heated

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7
Q

what is uncertainty

A

interval within which the true value of a quantity can be expected to lie

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8
Q

what can be causes of uncertainty

A
  • if a thermometer is showing the accurate temp

- exactly when a chemical reactions has finished

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9
Q

how to calculate uncertianty from instruments

A

take half the resolution and put ± e.g. resolution of 1.0cm = ±0.5cm

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10
Q

how to write down result with uncertainty from instruments

A

e.g. measured 24.0 degrees from thermometer, answer is 24.0 degreesC ± 0.5 degreesC

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11
Q

how to calculate uncertainty from sets of repeat measurements

A

use ± half the range

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12
Q

when is a solution formed

A

when a solute dissolves in a solvent

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13
Q

how can concentration of a solution be found

A

-mass of dissolved solute
./
-volume of solution

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14
Q

how to convert from cm^3 to dm^3

A

divide by 1000

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15
Q

how to convert from dm^3 to cm^3

A

multiply by 1000

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16
Q

what units must be used for volumes in concentration calculations

A

dm^3

17
Q

how to calculate mass of solute

A

concentration in g/dm^3 * volume in dm^3

18
Q

how can concentration of solution be changed

A
  • dissolving more solute

- evaporating solvent

19
Q

how to calculate number of particles

A

amount of substance in moles * avogadro constant * subscript number

20
Q

when to use Ar instead of Mr

A

for metals or separate atoms

21
Q

how to calculate masses of substance in a balanced equation

A

relative formula mass * amount

22
Q

what is a limiting reactant

A

a reactant that has been used up

23
Q

what is excess

A

reactant that is left after a reaction

24
Q

what does the mass of a product depend on

A

the mass of the limiting reactant

25
Q

how to calculate balancing numbers

A

1- write the formula of substances
2-calculate the amount in moles
3-divide both by the smaller amount

26
Q

how to convert from mol/dm^3 to g/dm^3

A

multiply by relative formula mass

27
Q

how to convert from g/dm^3 to mol/dm^3

A

divide by relative formula mass

28
Q

how to calculate atom economy

A

(total Mr of desired product / total Mr of all reactants) * 100

29
Q

what is the theoretical yield

A

maximum possible mass of a product that can be made in a reaction

30
Q

reasons why mass of product is less than theoretic yield

A
  • reaction not completing as it is reversible
  • product may be lost when separated from reaction mixture
  • some reactants may react in different ways different to expected
31
Q

what factors depend what chosen pathway you take

A
  • percentage yield
  • atom economy
  • rate of reaction
  • equilibrium position
  • usefulness of by-products
32
Q

what is avagadro’s law

A

in a given temperature and pressure equal volumes of different gases contain equal numbers of molecules

33
Q

what is the molar volume

A

volume occupied by one mole of any gas at room temp and pressure (24dm^3)

34
Q

how to calculate volume of gas

A

amount in mol * molar volume

35
Q

how to calculate amount of gas

A

volume / molar volume