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biology topics 1 + 2 Flashcards

1
Q

function of nucleus

A

contains genetic information that controls the function of the cell

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2
Q

function of cell membrane

A

controls what enters and leaves the cell

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3
Q

function of cytoplasm

A

where many cell activities and chemical reactions within the cell occur

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4
Q

function of mitochondria

A

provides energy from aerobic respiration

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5
Q

function of ribosome

A

synthesises (makes) proteins

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6
Q

function of chloroplast

A

where photosynthesis occurs

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7
Q

function of permanent vacuole

A

used to store water and other chemicals as cell sap

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8
Q

function of cell wall

A

strengthens and supports the cell (made of cellulose)

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9
Q

function of dna loop

A

a loop of dna not enclosed within the nucleus

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10
Q

function of plasmid

A

a small circle of dna, may contain genes associated with antibiotic resistance

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11
Q

how is a sperm cell specialised

A
  • head contains enzymes to break into egg
  • tail to swim
  • many mitochondria provide energy to swim
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12
Q

how is a nerve cell specialised

A

long to transmit electrical impulses over a distance

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13
Q

how is a muscle cell specialised

A

contains protein fibres that can contract when energy is available, making the cells shorter

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14
Q

how is a root hair cell specialised

A
  • long extension to increase surface area for water and mineral uptake
  • thin cell wall also allows this
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15
Q

how is a xylem cell specialised

A
  • waterproofed cell wall

- cells are hollow to allow water to move through

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16
Q

how is a phloem cell specialised

A
  • some cells have lots of mitochondria for active transport

- some cells have little cytoplasm for sugars to move through easily

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17
Q

what is the function of a xylem cell

A

to transport water from the roots to the rest of the plant

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18
Q

what is the function of a phloem cell

A

to transport sugars made from photosynthesis to different parts of the plant in translocation

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19
Q

definition of magnification

A

the degree by which an object is enlarged

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20
Q

definition of resolution

A

ability of a microscope to distinguish detail

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21
Q

definition of light microscope

A

basic microscope with a maximum magnification of 1500x, low resolution

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22
Q

definition of electron microscope

A

microscope with a much higher magnification (500,000x) and higher resolving power than a light microscope. this means that it can be used to study cells in much finer detail

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23
Q

how to calculate magnification

A

image size / actual size

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24
Q

cm in standard form

A

10^-2m

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25
Q

mm in standard form

A

10^-3m

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26
Q

micrometre in standard form

A

10^-6m

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27
Q

nanometre in standard form

A

10^-9m

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28
Q

what needs to happen before a cell can divide

A
  • needs to grow and increase the number of sub-cellular structures such as ribosomes and mitochondria.
  • DNA replicates to form two copies of each chromosome
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29
Q

what happens in mitosis

A
  • cell growth
  • chromosomes condense (thicken)
  • nucleus has been disassembled, chromosomes line up in middle of the cell
  • one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end and the nucleus divides
  • cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form two identical celsl
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30
Q

where are plant stem cells found

A

meristem

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31
Q

properties of embryonic stem cell

A

can divide into most types of cell

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32
Q

uses of embryonic stem cell

A

therapeutic cloning: embryonic stem cells produced with same genes as patient, no rejection

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33
Q

properties of adult stem cell

A

can divide into a limited number of cells e.g. bone marrow stem cells can form various blood cells

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34
Q

properties of meristem

A

found in plants, can differentiate into any type of plant cell

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35
Q

uses of meristem

A
  • clone rare species to prevent extinction

- crops with special features can be cloned

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36
Q

pros of using embryonic stem cells

A
  • treats various diseases

- better to use cells from abortion clinics than waste

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37
Q

cons of using embryonic stem cells

A
  • ethical and religious obligations with potential harm or death to the embryo
  • embryo cannot consent
  • can transfer viruses
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38
Q

pros of using adult stem cells

A
  • adult gives consent

- does not kill donor

39
Q

cons of using adult stem cells

A
  • people may not want to be donors as it’s painful

- few cell types can be formed so fewer diseases can be treated

40
Q

definition of diffusion

A

spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

41
Q

uses of diffusion

A
  • oxygen and carbon dioxide in gas exchange (leaves and alveoli)
  • urea from cells into blood plasma for kidney excretion
42
Q

definition of osmosis

A

the diffusion of water from high to low concentration across a partially permeable membrane

43
Q

uses of osmosis

A

movement of water into and out of cells

44
Q

definition of active transport

A

the movement of substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution. This goes against the concentration gradient, requires energy from respiration

45
Q

uses of active transport

A
  • absorption of mineral ions from soil into plant roots

- absorption of sugar molecules from the gut to the blood

46
Q

how does difference in concentration affect diffusion

A

the greater the difference in concentration, the faster the rate of diffusion

47
Q

how does temperature affect diffusion

A

particles move more quickly at higher temperatures, so rate of diffusion increases

48
Q

how does surface area of membrane affect diffusion

A

the greater the surface area, the quicker the rate of diffusion

49
Q

adaptations of exchange surfaces

A
  • large surface area
  • thin membrane for short diffusion path
  • ventilation (in animals to maintain concentration gradient)
  • efficient blood supply (in animals to maintain concentration gradient)
50
Q

definition of cells

A

basic building blocks of all living organisms

51
Q

definition of tissue

A

a group of cells with a similar structure and function

52
Q

definition of organs

A

different tissues performing specific functions

53
Q

definition of organ systems

A

work together to form organisms

54
Q

function of mouth

A
  • teeth break up food
  • tongue forms a bolus
  • saliva contains amylase
55
Q

function of oesophagus

A

muscular tube pushes food down to stomach, this is called peristalsis

56
Q

function of stomach

A

muscular bag, contains acid to kill bacteria and make a low pH for pepsin

57
Q

function of pancreas

A

makes enzymes and releases them into the small intestine

58
Q

function of large intestine

A
  • water diffuses into the blood

- waste material and undigested food form feces

59
Q

function of anus

A

feces are excreted from the body

60
Q

function of liver

A

makes bile, which is used to break down fats

61
Q

function of gall bladder

A

stores bile

62
Q

adaptations of small intestine

A
  • thin walls (one cell thick)
  • large surface area (more space for absorption of nutrients
  • network of capillaries (large blood supply maintains the concentration gradient)
63
Q

how does bile increase rate of breakdown with lipase

A
  • neutralise the acid from stomach (bile is an alkali)

- emulsifying fat to form small droplets to increase surface area

64
Q

what does iodine test for and what colour change

A

starch

brown to black

65
Q

what does buiret test for and what colour change

A

protein

blue to purple

66
Q

what does benedict’s test for and what colour change

A

glucose

blue to orange/brick red

67
Q

what does Sudan III test for and what colour change

A

lipids

red layers form

68
Q

what are enzymes

A

proteins and biological catalysts

69
Q

what do enzymes do

A

build up or break down substances

70
Q

what do enzymes and substrates form

A

an enzyme-substrate complex

71
Q

what happens after an enzyme-substrate complex is formed

A

products are released and the enzyme can be used again

72
Q

what shape is the active site compared to the substrate

A

the active site has a specific shape while the substrate has an opposite, complementary shape

73
Q

what do digestive enzymes do

A

convert food into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream

74
Q

what are the products of digestion used for

A

to build new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. some glucose is used in respiration

75
Q

what is the substrate and product for carbohydrase

A

carbohydrates

simple sugars

76
Q

what is the substrate and product for protease

A

proteins

amino acids

77
Q

what is the substrate and product for lipase

A

lipids

fatty acids and glycerol

78
Q

what happens when you increase the temperature for an enzyme

A

the rate of reaction increases until it reaches the optimum temperature (where the rate of reaction is highest) then it starts to decrease

79
Q

why do higher temperatures decrease rate of reaction for enzymes

A

the shape of the active site is changed so the substrate will not fit perfectly so the enzyme has become denatured

80
Q

what happens when you change the pH for an enzyme

A

the rate of reaction increases whether it’s more acidic or more alkaline

81
Q

why does rate of reaction change with pH for an enzyme

A

it changes the shape of the active site so the substrate will not fit perfectly so the enzyme has become denatured

82
Q

what stops the trachea from collapsing

A

rings of cartilage

83
Q

order of blood in heart

A

vena cava > right attriium > right ventricle > pulmonary artery > lungs > pulmonary vein > left attrium > left ventricle > aorta > rest of body

84
Q

properties of earty

A
  • away from heart
  • high pressure to reach all parts of body
  • thick strong walls to give high pressure
  • narrow lumen
85
Q

properties of capillary

A
  • substances dissolve in and out
  • very thin walls (short diffusion pathway)
  • very small lumen
86
Q

properties of vein

A
  • into the heart
  • blood under low pressure
  • thin walls
  • wide lumen
  • valves to prevent backflow
87
Q

why is the left ventricle thicker

A

needs to pump to the whole body and be more powerful

88
Q

why do valves prevent backflow

A

so oxygenated and deoxygenated blood don’t mix

89
Q

properties of red blood cell (carries oxygen)

A
  • contains haemoglobin
  • forms oxyhaemoglobin
  • biconcave shape for large surface area
  • no nucleus for more space for haemoglobin
90
Q

properties of white blood cell (defends against pathogens)

A
  • some produce antibodies
  • other WBC to engulf pathogens
  • some produce anti-toxins to neutralise toxins from pathogens
91
Q

properties of platelets (form clots)

A
  • fragments of cell (no nucleus)

- form blood clots to prevent blood loss and infection from pathogens

92
Q

properties of plasma (carry substances)

A
  • straw like liquid
  • main component
  • transport dissolved substances
93
Q

what is coronary heart disease

A

layers of fatty material build up inside the arteries, narrowing them and reducing oxygen for the heart

other (19 decks)

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