Quant: Lecture 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Is a research question conceptual or operational?

What about a hypothesis?

A

Conceptual

Operational

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2
Q

What’s the aim of a hypothesis?

Should you use a one-tailed or two-tailed hypothesis?

A

To state the expected result and to indicate the cause and effect.
Two-tailed, unless you have research two back up a one-tailed hypothesis.

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3
Q

What is the aim of a null hypothesis?

A

To predict no effect between two variables and any effect is due to random error. It’s a statistical throwback.

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4
Q

When testing for significance, what does the expected hypothesis predict?

A

It predicts that the results won’t be in the same scale as the normal distribution.

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5
Q

What is the hypothetico-deductive method?

A

It’s when you check whether your results are due to random error or not by calculating a statistical test. This finds the probability of whether the results are due to sampling error.

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6
Q

How do you calculate probability?

A

Number of ways an event can occur divided by the number of possible outcomes. For example, flipping a coin for heads: there is one way the event can occur but there are two possible outcomes. 1/2=0.5. Probability will always be between 0 and 1 and the smaller the value, the less likely the event will occur.

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7
Q

What is the number that psychologists use as a limit for random error explaining results?

A

0.05. If it’s larger than this then random error explains the results and they aren’t statistically significant. Then we would accept the null. Non-significant results can still be important.

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8
Q

Can results ever be 100% confident?

A

No, because you use a sample, not the whole population, so the results are only supported, not proven.

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9
Q

List one disadvantage of an unrelated sample and list the solution for it
Do the same for a related sample

A

Individual differences as different people are in each condition.
Solution: Randomly allocate.
Order effects, e.g. fatigue or learning
Solution: Counterbalance.

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10
Q

When should you use a matched-pairs design?

When shouldn’t you use a related sample?

A

When a related sample would reveal the aim of the study.

When the pre-condition can’t be identified or caused, e.g. the effects of car accidents on depression.

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11
Q

Describe matched pairs and an advantage and disadvantage of it

A

Participants in different conditions are matched on age, gender, status etc.
Advantage: No order effects and individual differences are minimised
Disadvantage: The matching process.

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