Qualitative Research Quiz 3 Flashcards
The study of culture, practice places researchers in environment they are studying
Set of highly formal techniques designed to extract cognitive data
Ethnography
Goal of ethnography?
Get at meaning behind actions
In ethnography, what occurs when the researcher abandons the idea of absolute objectivity or scientific neutrality and attempts to emerge him/herself in the culture being studied?
Subjective soaking
Emic view
Insider’s view
Etic View
Outsider’s view
1920s era
Impressionism
1946-1955
Renaissance
1960s
Expressionism
1970s
Began dark ages in deviant ethnographies
2000s
Enlightment
Attempts to describe the way of life of an entire group
Macroethnography
An orientation where the researcher has a concern about social inequalities and directs his or her own efforts toward positive change, researcher makes value-laden judgements of meanings and methods in a conscious effort to challenge research
Critical ethnography
The tradition of cultural descriptions and the analysis of various meanings or shared meaning through the interpretation of meaning
Conventional ethnography
Conventional approaches to ethnography examine _________________, and critical approaches ask ______________
what is, what could be
Social science research should maintain a ___________?
Value-neutral position
Initial values, biases, and theoretical orientations that eventually produce an ethnography project
Subjective motivational factors
Arrangements made between researchers and subjects
Bargains
People or groups who are in position to grant or deny access to a research setting
Gatekeepers
Indigenous persons found among the group in the setting to be studied
Guides
Suggests that when subjects know they are subjects they will alter their usual behavior
Hawthorne Effect
Systematic method for classifying similar events, actions, objects, people, or places into discrete groupings
Typology
Procedures that allow the researcher to make assessments about the degree of affinity or disdain that members of a group have toward one another
Sociograms
Descriptions that reveal aspects of the subject through comparison with other subjects
Metaphors
Process that gives credence to the development of powers of reflective thought, discussion, decision and action by ordinary people participating in collective research on private troubles that they have in common
Action research
Attempts to systematically recapture the complex nuances, the people, meanings, events, and even the ideas of the past that have influenced and shaped the present
Historical research
Sources that involve oral or written testimony from eyewitnesses, original artifacts (pictures, recordings, diaries, journals, drawings)
Primary sources
Oral or written testimony of people not immediately present at the time of a given event (textbooks, articles, newspaper stories)
Secondary sources
Involve primary and secondary sources that have been distilled and presented in some sort of collection or anthology format (almanacs, dictionaries, encyclopedia)
Tertiary sources
Primarily concerned with the question of veracity or genuineness of the source material, seeking to determine the authenticity of a document
External Criticism
Seeks to assess the meaning of the statements in a document or possible meanings.intentions, usually comes after genuineness has been determined
Internal criticism
________ history is considered the first type of history
Oral
Careful, detailed systematic examination and interpretation of a particular body of material in an effort to identify patterns, themes, biases, and meanings
Content analysis
Orientation that allows researchers to treat social action and human activity as text, human action can be seen as a collection of symbols expressing layers of meaning
Interpretive approach to analyzing data
Approach in which researcher has had to spent a lot of time in specific culture, been part of study population
Social anthropological approach
research mode in which researchers work with their subjects in a given setting to accomplish some sort of change or action
Collaborative social research approaches
3 approaches to the conduct of qualitative content analysis
conventional, directed, summative content analysis
Coding categories that have been derived directly and inductively from the raw data itself, sometimes referred to as grounded approach
Conventional content analysis
Use of more analytic codes and categories derived from existing theories and explanations relevant to the research focus
Direct content analysis
Begins from existing words or phrases in the text itself, researcher exploration involves latent meanings and themes that are apparent in the data
Summative content analysis
Analysis is extended to an interpretive reading of the symbolism underlying the physical data
Latent content
____________ analysis describes the content while _________ analysis seeks to discern its meaning
Manifest, latent
smallest element or unit in content analysis
word
useful unit to count, simple sentence in simplest form
theme
whole unit of the sender’s message (ex: entire book,, entire letter/speech/diary)
item
Sophisticated type of word counting, involve words grouped together into clusters
concept
How strong or weak a word might be in relation to the overall sentiment of the sentence
semantics
What is developed after codes (progression)?
patterns/themes, then categories, then assertions
Patterns/themes are based on?
Codes
Interpretation of data, 1-2 sentences that summarizes meaning of data, defines experience/understanding of participants, ties in relationship of categories
Assertion
Units of data, chunks of meaning, phrases or sentences not words, emergent, count to determine prevalence (open coding)– no numbers though just patterns
Codes
More broad than codes, significant patterns of experience, understanding by participants, uses axial coding (condensing data, giving data meaning)
Patterns/themes
Patterns/themes grouped into? Broad topic areas
Categories
The goal of a ____________ is to write a descriptive account of some event in the past, identify relationship connections between various events, assumes you can only understand present by understanding past
Historiography
Life history that looks at a social perspective, study of an individual’s own experiences and turning points, NOT written by individual
Biographical study
Person reports on OWN life, reflections of culture, personal and institutional points, turning points to make sense of what is happening in life
Life History
Answers the question what is the meaning of this experience to the individual?
Phenomenology
Key emphasis of phenomenology
Experience (also interpretation, essence of experience)
Process used to remove or at least become aware of prejudices, viewpoints, or assumptions
epoche
Use of parentheses to set off research biases and assumptions
bracketing
Want to get participant’s meaning without adding my meaning to it
suspension of judgement
Seeing the phenomena from various angles and perspectives
imaginative variation
What must be done simultaneously with data analysis for a phenomenological study?
data collection (checking in with group)
Story of cultural discovery, cultural picture
Ethnography
Ethnographies do no generate ______?
theories
Objective in write-up, tends to be news like, reports what researcher has learned- type of ethnography
Realist ethnography
Type of ethnography interested in learning about beliefs of a group culture with a political agenda in the background
Critical ethnography
2+ individuals with shared social patterns, norms, and cultural beliefs
Culture sharing group
Data collection in which participant and researcher agree upon the data and its importance
Negotiation data
Form of self-reflective inquiry undertaken by participants in social situations in order to improve the rationality and justice of their own practices, their understanding of those practices, and the situations in which the practices are carried out
Participant action research
Primary tasks of ________________ are to uncover or produce information useful to a group of people, enlighten or empower the average person in the group
Action research
3 types of knowledge in action research
instrumental, interactive, critical
Info that is learned from un-biased observations, important but does not give full scope but has lots of detail
Instrumental knowledge
Knowledge through sharing life together, exchanging ideas, and interviewing
Interactive knowledge
Information gained from reflecting and attempting to solve issues, builds on instrumental and interactive knowledge
Critical knowledge
___________ research is typically written following a case study format
action
Type of action research in which a particular intervention is tested, collaboration with participant
Technical/scientific/collaborative
Type of action research in which a research problem is defined after the situation has been assessed and a mutual understanding has been met
Practical/Mutual collaborative/Deliberate
Type of action research in which there is political action
Emancipating/Enhancing/Critical Science
Process of having participants capture pictures that represent some aspect of their lives
Photovoice
Type of case study that helps to understand the case of the primary research question
Intrinsic case study
Type of case study that looks for theoretical explanations, looks at cause and effect, helps refine theory, looks to find more support
Instrumental case study
Type of case study that studies similar cases to compare and contrast them
Collective case studies
Case study design types
Exploratory, explanatory, descriptive
Focuses on a particular situation, event or program in case study
particularistics
In case study illuminates the researcher’s understanding of the phenomenon under study
heuristic
Purpose of __________ is to be a systematic discovery of theory from the data of social research, primary intent is to develop and verify theory, uses a constant comparative method for data gathering and analysis
grounded theory
Search for initial codes and categories, categories are dimesionalized to reduce down to smaller number, a single category is identified as the central phenomenon of interest
Open coding
From where does axial coding begin?
From the central phenomenon
identification of causal conditions, intervening or shaping conditions, strategies to describe/address the phenomenon, development of a coding paradigm or a model to visually portray the categories
Axial coding
More abstract and systematic analysis of the central phenomenon, validating and relating categories more closely, finding and describing the story line
Selective coding
use of theoretical sampling to present a conditional matrix or theory, present propositions to support the matrix/model or theory
Theory via propositions
