Qualitative Methods ( 5,8,17,20) Flashcards
What is Phenomenology?
The meaning of a person’s life
A persons reality is determined by their interpretation of their world
Their whole life aspect not just the condition
In depth conversation
Semi structured interviews
Philosophies of phenomenlogy
This apporach allows researchers to focus on a ‘whole’ person in other words all aspects of the participants lives
It is based on the assumption that individuals encounter their experiences with and through others and that they play an active role in shaping their experiences
A persons experience are influenced by the context in which they occur.
What are the two types of phenomenlogy?
Descriptive and Interpretive.
The differences between these approaches are determined by their theoretical underpinnings
Descriptive phenomenology
Descriptive phenomenology is grounded in the ideology of hsserl which focuses on the concept of the ‘life world’ or ‘lived experiences’. The aim is to describe an individuals preception or account of their experiences
This approach does not require the researcher to have prior knowlegde or experience of the phenomena ( an observational fact or event) under investigation
What is bracketing?
‘Bracket’ prior knowlegde or assumptions beliefs and prejudice. This is reffered to as ‘bracketing’ . This is usually carried out before the study by reflecting on what they know, believe and assume on the topic.
Bracketing assists data collection and analysis by increasing the likelihood that report findings describe participants experience and perceptions/
Phenomenological research
Phenomenological research follows the principles of qualitive research - participant recuritment, data collection and data analysis
Phenomenological research: Sampling
A sample between 5-25 participants is usually sufficient.
When picking a sample the researcher should consider:
The aims and objectives of the study
The accessibility and avaliability of potential participants
The timeframe avaliable
The need to ensure trustworthiness
Data saturation
When data collection and data analysis do not reveal any new findings so the recruitment of further participants is deemed unneccessary
Interpretative phenomenological study
An interpretative study means using prior knowledge and professional experiences to explore the mother’s experiences of postnatal depression
Phenomenological research: Data collection
Common form of data collection in phenomenological study is semi structured interviews during when participants are able to reflect upon their experiences and feelings
Engaged and in depth conversations
Narrative accounts are generated which provide an accurate portrayal as possible of participants lived experiences
Essential that participants tell their stories without interruption
Other forms of data collection include diares and case studies
Phenomenological research: Data analysis
Interviews are usually audio recorded to facilitate transcription and data analysis.
The recording should be then transcribed verbatim ( word for word) into a word processing document
Qualitative data analysis software - N’Vivo
Common qualtitive data analysis used is thematic analysis - where section of the data are coded ainto broad themes each of which usually contain a number of sub themes. This can cluminate in the development of a theory
E.g phenomenological research
A phenomenological study of carers experiences of looking after an adult relative with disability could lead to the development of the theory that they feel abandoned by the health and social care workers
Phenomenological research: Ethical issues
General research governance issues such as informed consent, participant confidentiality and the aprovals processes.
Researcher shoud have strategies in place before the study begins to deal with any sensitive issues and this includes the provision on going support for participants and researchers
Participants are given a debriefing sheet at the end of the interview identifying possible support that they can access if they want
The phenomenological approach provides particiants with a level control over they disclose.
Participants may reveal more than they intended. Ethical dilemma raised.
What do ethnographers explore?
Accepted behaviours
Expectations about behaviours that are conveyed either overtly or covertly to those who join the group
The group’s social traditions, values, beliefs, opinions and ideas
The system of communication which may include signs, slangs, gestures, abberivations, terminology and language
The groups artefacts or symbols that represents the group
Ethnography
Ethnography focus on groups of people
Ethnography explores the setting or world in which individuals or groups of people come together whereby researchers explore the behaviours and beliefs of groups of people or individuals within a group
Whats the difference between Ethnography Macroethnography and Microethnography?
Macroethnography - studies involve large groups such as a whole community
Microethnography - studies that involve smaller groups more focused groups such as people working in a specific place of work
Ethnography Research: The setting and The Sample
The sample size is determined by the setting the study is taken place in
In accordance with principles of qualitative research
Non probaility samping is adopted and the specific strategy of convenience sampling ( non-probability sampling that involves the sample being drawn from that part of the population that is close to hand) is used.
Ethnography Research: Data collection and Data analysis
Common method of data used is observation. This is sometimes referred to collecting data ‘ in the field’