Own Research

Question 1

Research method includes :

Answer 1

an underpinning philosophy ( research paradigm), a strategy for recrutting participants, method, data collection, methods of data anaylsis, strategies for facilatating reliability and validity ( quantitve methods), or trustworthniess ( qualitative methods),

Question 2

3 essential elements of a true experiment are :

Answer 2

Randomisation, Manipulation ( of the indepedent variable) and Control

Question 3

Experimental design can be classified into 3 main groups

Answer 3

: Between-participants, Design within-participants design and Matched pairs design

Question 4

Between- participants design

Answer 4

Most basic and commonly used
Involves 2 separate groups of participants
There are 3 between participants design commonly used

Question 5

Between- participants: Post-test only design

Answer 5

Participants are randomised in either experiment or control group
The experiement group review the ‘new’ treatment or intervention ( independent variable)
Whilst the control group receivews the conventional treatment or intervention
The impact of both are then measured ( dependent variable)

Question 6

Limatation of between participants : post-test only design

Answer 6

Limatation: account has not been taken of pre-intervention dependent variable data.
Limatation: Differences in the dependent variable may be caused by individual differences between the 2 groups of participants rahter than the indepdent variable
Reducing individual differences can be carried out by; indentifying specific, predetermined criteria for participant inclusion in the study and the involvement of a large number of participants

Question 7

Between- participants: Pre test, post term design

Answer 7

It addresses the weakness of the post-test only design
It involves the collection of depedent variable data before the indepdent variable is introduced
Pre test data sometimes known as baseline data

Question 8

Limatation of Between- participants: Pre test, post term design

Answer 8

Limatation: problem with individual difference between groups
Limatation: Pre test may impact the depedent variable

Question 9

Between- participants: Solomon four design

Answer 9

It is a variable of the pre test, post test design
Ppts in this group have the pre test and recieve experiemental intervention
Ppts in this group have the pre test and recieve conventional intervention
Ppts in this group do not have the pre test and recieve experimental intervention
Ppts in this group do have the pre test and receive conventional intervention

Question 10

Within- participants design

Answer 10

Overcomes the problem of individual differences

Each participants is exposed at some point to both the experimental and control intervention

Question 11

Limatation of within participants - design

Answer 11

Limatation: order effect known as practice effect: this is when whatever that is done first effects the final findings of the study
Limatation: Participants may drop out after first phase of the study

Question 12

Strength of Limatation of within participants - design

Answer 12

smaller number of participants required : advantage time & cost

Question 13

Matched Pairs Design

Answer 13

Gold standard experimental design as it attempted to address the weakness of the between particpants within-participants designs

Ppts in the experimental and control groups are matched as closely as possible

One membranes of each pair is randomised to either experimental or control group

The closer ppts are matched the between to minimise individual differences between ppts in the experimental and control group

Question 14

Limatation of matched pairs design

Answer 14

Limatation: Matching can be difficult time consuming and this make the design costly

Limatation: The research should be careful not to over match for irrelevant variables

Limatation: some participants have to be exclused from the study if an appropriate ‘match’ can be recruited

Limatation: Even if careful matching there may still be individual differences

Question 15

Examples of non experimental designs

Answer 15

Longitudinal
Delphi
Cross sectional
Retrospective designs

Question 16

Cross sectional design

Answer 16

Known as one-hit or one-shot design
Most common non experimental design
This design involves a representative cross-section of a defined population which means that researcg can investigate a large number of participants at different stages of development simulatenously

Question 17

strength & limatation of cross sectional design

Answer 17

Strength: Economical, can use large samples, findings are avaliable promptly

Limatation: provides only snapshot of here and now, low response rates may impact on findings, extraneous variables may impact on findings, data can be superficial

Question 18

Longitudinal design

Answer 18

Commonly used in surveys( referred to as panel designs) and cohort studies ( reffered to as trend or follow up designs)
It involves the repeated collection of data at pre-specified intervals from the same sample over a set or ongoing period of time
Used in healthcare to identify patterns and trends to measure changes to compare data of individuals or groups

Question 19

strength & limatation of Longitudinal design

Answer 19

Limatation: costly and time consuming, requies high level of researcher, risk of ppts drop out, over times ppts can become aware of the variables researchers are interested in

Strength: identifies trends, changes and developments over time, provided detailed and extensive data,

Question 20

Delphi design

Answer 20

The aim is to reach agreement ( consensus) about the topic and data are collected from participants during a number of rounds of data collection
1st round - participants are asked to response to broad key questions about the topic and their responses are collated
2nd round- participants consider more focused questions which are based on the collated responses from the 1st round.
Ppts can add, alter or retract information in 2nd round

Question 21

strength & weakness of Delphi design

Answer 21

Limatation: time consuming, no agreement over the ideal panel size, no clear defintion of consensus, bias in the selection ppts

Strength: Economical, encourages ppts honesty, anoymits and confidentiality of ppts remained,

Question 22

is Delphi design a recruitment

Answer 22

Reffered to as panel designs
Some see it as a method rather than a design
Recuriment of a panel

Question 23

Retrospective designs

Answer 23

Reffered as ex post factor, after the fact or correlational design
Commonly used in case-control studies and historical research
Involves the collection of data retrospectively whereby the dependent variable9 effect) has already has been affected by the indepdendent variable (cause)

Question 24

Aim of retrospective design

Answer 24

The aim is to link the present situation with what has happened in the past
Ppts with a particular condition are recurited ( the cases) and compared with participants who do not have the condition( control). Differences between the 2 groups give the research an indication of the likely cause of the conditon
Capturing retrospective data about patients - accessing clincial databases - costly

Question 25

What is research

Answer 25

Research is a planned systematic search for information

Question 26

The steps of the research process

Answer 26

Identifying a problem, question or hypothesis

Formulate the research question or hypothesis

Search and evaluate the literature

Devise the research design and methods

Test the propsed methodology by carrying out pilot studies

Collect data

Conduct data analysis

Draw conclusions and write a report