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23-24: Y13 Structured Revision Sessions > Qualitative Methods > Flashcards

Qualitative Methods Flashcards

1
Q

What is Qualitative data?

A

Data which is represented in words. Usually smaller data sets, more concerned with personal opinions/feelings

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2
Q

Is qualitative data generally considered to have high or low validity?

A

High validity

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3
Q

Is qualitative data generally considered to have high or low reliability?

A

Low reliability

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4
Q

Do interpretivists or positivists prefer qualitative data?

A

Interpretivists

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5
Q

What is an unstructured interview?

A

Where researchers ask a participant a series of questions, with an idea of what they want to cover, but no pre-prepared questions

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6
Q

True or false: A practical strength of unstructured interviews is that it is easy to build rapport with participants, encouraging more detailed answers

A

True

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7
Q

True or false: A practical strength of unstructured interviews is that they are quick and easy

A

False - the opposite is true

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8
Q

True or false: A practical strength of unstructured interviews is that it is easy to train researchers to perform them

A

False - researchers need to be able to come up with questions on the spot

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9
Q

True or false: A practical weakness of unstructured interviews is that it can only be used for topics the researcher knows lots about

A

False - the participant leads the interview, so they researcher doesn’t need to be an expert in the topic

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10
Q

True or false: An ethical strength of unstructured interviews is that informed consent is gained, as participants don’t need to do it if they don’t want to

A

True

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11
Q

True or false: An ethical strength of unstructured interviews is that participants could be uncomfortable discussing some issues face to face

A

False - this is a weakness

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12
Q

True or false: An ethical weakness of unstructured interviews is that it does not allow much opportunity to build rapport with participants

A

False - the opposite is true

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13
Q

True or false: An ethical strength of unstructured interviews is that there is little chance of the participant being harmed

A

False - talking about negative experiences could cause psychological harm

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14
Q

True or false: An ethical strength of unstructured interviews is that participants do not need to reveal anything they don’t want to/they can maintain privacy

A

True

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15
Q

True or false: A theoretical strength of unstructured interviews is that verstehen can be built through building rapport

A

True

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16
Q

True or false: A theoretical strength of unstructured interviews is that they have high validity because of their open questions and flexibility

A

True

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17
Q

True or false: A theoretical weakness of unstructured interviews is that the Hawthorne effect could take place

A

True

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18
Q

True or false: A theoretical strength of unstructured interviews is that the participant’s answers cannot be biased in any way

A

False - the researcher’s body language, tone of voice, and internal biases can all affect the validity

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19
Q

What is a group interview?

A

A structured or unstructured interview with more than 1 participant

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20
Q

True or false: A practical strength of group interviews is that data is quick to analyse

A

False - group interactions are more complex and take more time to analyse

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21
Q

True or false: A practical strength of group interviews is that it’s less time consuming that other interviews because researchers can interview multiple people at once

A

True

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22
Q

True or false: A practical weakness of group interviews is that it may be difficult to keep the group focussed on the discussion topic

A

True

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23
Q

True or false: A practical strength of group interviews is that it can be a useful way to generate initial ideas, which can be further researcher later

A

True

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24
Q

True or false: An ethical strength of group interviews is that they can be used to observe group norms and dynamics

A

True

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25
Q

True or false: An ethical strength of group interviews is that they are suitable for use with pupils (methods in context) as it creates a safe peer environment which they are used to from school

A

True

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26
Q

True or false: An ethical weakness of group interviews is that it can be uncomfortable for some participants to be in a group dynamic, especially if discussing sensitive issues

A

True

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27
Q

True or false: An ethical weakness of group interviews is that interviewees may feel unable to withdraw from the interview or certain questions due to group dynamics

A

True

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28
Q

True or false: A theoretical weakness of group interviews is that they have low representativeness

A

False - they are done with groups of people, increasing representativeness

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29
Q

True or false: An ethical strength of group interviews is that participants can stimulate each others’ thinking, causing new ideas and increasing validity

A

True

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30
Q

True or false: An ethical weakness of group interviews is that some participants may dominate the discussion, meaning others don’t get a say, reducing validity

A

True

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31
Q

True or false: An ethical strength of group interviews is that the Hawthorne effect can’t take place

A

False - in fact, it could be doubled thanks to the presence of researchers AND other participants

32
Q

What is a participant observation?

A

A study where the researcher gets involved in the activities of their participants

33
Q

What does covert mean?

A

The researcher’s identity is NOT known to the participants

34
Q

What does overt mean?

A

The researcher’s identity is known to the participants

35
Q

True or false: There are 2 kind of participant observations (overt and covert)

A

True

36
Q

True or false: A practical strength of participant observations is that (when overt) they allow researchers to ask naïve but important clarification questions

A

True

37
Q

True or false: A practical strength of participant observations is that (when covert) they can be used to access groups who denied overt access

A

True

38
Q

True or false: A practical weakness of participant observations is that it can be difficult (when covert) to get in, stay in, and get out without arousing suspicion

A

True

39
Q

True or false: A practical weakness of participant observations (when covert) is that it requires the researcher to maintain a disguise 24/7

A

True

40
Q

True or false: A practical weakness of participant observations is that (when overt) researchers may be denied access to the group

A

True

41
Q

True or false: An ethical weakness of participant observations is that (when overt) they involve high amounts of deception

A

False - this would be for covert participant observations

42
Q

True or false: An ethical weakness of participant observations is that anonymity of the participants can be ensured

A

False - this is a strength

43
Q

True or false: An ethical strength of participant observations is that researchers are protected from doing anything illegal or immoral

A

False - whether overt or covert, researchers may have to do these things to earn trust

44
Q

True or false: An ethical strength of participant observations is that the researcher does not need to deceive participants

A

False - whether overt or covert, the researcher may need to lie about why they are there for their own safety

45
Q

True or false: A theoretical strength of participant observations is that they avoid the Hawthorne effect (if covert)

A

True

46
Q

True or false: A theoretical weakness of participant observations is that it does not allow researchers to gain verstehen

A

False - the opposite is true

47
Q

True or false: A theoretical strength of participant observations is that the researcher can remain objective and unbiased the whole time

A

False - researchers cannot remain objective while being so involved

48
Q

True or false: A theoretical weakness of participant observations is that they are time consuming and often have small sample sizes

A

True

49
Q

What is content analysis?

A

A secondary source of data. A way of extracting the main messages, ideas, themes, or biases in a document

50
Q

Content analysis can be qualitative OR quantitative. What’s the difference?

A

Qual: looks for meanings and messages in content

Quant: looks for how many times certain words/phrases appear

51
Q

True or false: A practical strength of content analysis is that it is quick and easy to do

A

False - can be time consuming to go through lots of content, especially if doing qualitative analysis

52
Q

True or false: A practical weakness of content analysis is that it can be hard to find content to analyse

A

False - material could be newspapers, TV, radio, books, etc

53
Q

True or false: A practical strength of content analysis is that it allows the discovery of things that may not be obvious, e.g. whether gender role stereotypes really occur across children’s books

A

True

54
Q

True or false: An ethical strength of content analysis is that researchers cannot bias the research, meaning it won’t support immoral viewpoints

A

True for quantitative
False for qualitative

55
Q

True or false: An ethical weakness of content analysis is that it can cause harm to participants

A

False - there are no participants

56
Q

True or false: An ethical strength of content analysis is that it can serve the public interest by showing how the media can be manipulated

A

True

57
Q

True or false: A theoretical weakness of content analysis is that the Hawthorne effect can take place

A

False - there are no participants

58
Q

True or false: A theoretical strength of content analysis is that qualitative content analysis can be used to gain verstehen in certain situations (e.g. when analysing a diary)

A

True

59
Q

True or false: A theoretical strength of content analysis is that (when qualitative) the results are subjective to the researcher

A

False - this is a weakness

60
Q

True or false: A theoretical weakness of content analysis is that (when qualitative) it could be argued that counting the number of times a word appears doesn’t really tell us anything

A

True

61
Q

What are documents?

A

A secondary source of data. Can include written articles, diaries, videos, images, and (more recently) social media posts

62
Q

How many kinds of document are there?

A

3: personal, public, and historical

63
Q

What is a personal document?

A

Something that was never intended to be seen by others, e.g. a diary, a personal note, a private piece of art

64
Q

What is a public document?

A

Something that was intended to be seen by the public, e.g. Ofsted reports, newspapers, TV, and (arguably) public social media posts

65
Q

What is a historical document?

A

A public OR personal document that was produced in the past, e.g. Anne Frank’s diary. There is no set amount of time that has to pass before a document is considered document

66
Q

True or false: A practical strength of documents is that they are quick and cheap because someone else has already gathered the information

A

True

67
Q

True or false: A practical strength of documents is that there are legitimate documents on every possible topic

A

False - there may not be documents available on the topic sociologists want, and documents can be faked/hoaxes

68
Q

True or false: A practical weakness of documents is that it can be difficult to access some documents, e.g. classified government documents, personal diaries

A

True

69
Q

True or false: A practical weakness of documents is that it can be time consuming

A

True

70
Q

True or false: An ethical weakness of documents is that it can cause harm to participants

A

False - there are no participants

71
Q

True or false: An ethical weakness of documents is that, when using historical documents, there is no need to gain informed consent

A

True

72
Q

True or false: An ethical weakness of documents is that there are unique challenges involved. E.g. would Anne Frank want the world reading her diary?

A

True

73
Q

True or false: An ethical strength of documents is that no one except the author could be affected by the research

A

False - anyone mentioned in the book, or friends and family of the author, could be affected

74
Q

True or false: A theoretical weakness of documents is that they cannot be used to gain verstehen

A

False - can gain verstehen in personal documents

75
Q

True or false: A theoretical strength of documents is that (when personal) they are high in validity as the author had no reason to alter the truth, seeing as no one else was ever meant to see it

A

True

76
Q

True or false: A theoretical weakness of documents is that they are based on subjective interpretations of events

A

True

77
Q

True or false: A theoretical strength of documents is that researchers can be 100% objective towards them

A

False - researcher bias can lead to misinterpretations and reduce validity

23-24: Y13 Structured Revision Sessions (7 decks)

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