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Statistics 2 > Qualitative; Lec 5 & 6 > Flashcards

Qualitative; Lec 5 & 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four basic principles of research design?

A
  1. Ontology
  2. Epistomology
  3. Methodology
  4. Techniques
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2
Q

Ontology

A

Assumptions you make about the nature of the world and reality

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3
Q

Epistemology

A

Assumptions you make about the best way of investigating the world

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4
Q
  1. Methodology

2. Techniques

A
  1. The way you group together your research techniques to make a coherent picture
  2. What you actually do in order to collect your data and carry out your investigation
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5
Q

What are the four main schools of ontology?

A
  1. Realism
  2. Internal realism
  3. Relativism
  4. Nominalism
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6
Q

What is realism?

A

The world is ‘real’, and science proceeds by examining and observing it. There is a single truth. Facts exist can be revealed through experiments.

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7
Q

What is internal realism?

A

The world is real, but it is almost impossible to examine it directly. Truth exists, but it is obscure. Facts are concrete, but cannot always be revealed.

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8
Q

What is relativism?

A

Scientific laws are basically created by people to fit their view of reality. There are many truths. Facts depend on the viewpoint of the observer.

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9
Q

What is nominalism?

A

Reality is entirely created by people and there is no external ‘truth’, there is no truth. Facts are all human creations.

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10
Q

What are the two main epistemological (assumptions about investigating the world) schools?

A
  1. Positivism

2. Social Constructionism

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11
Q

What does the positivist epistemological position argue for?

A

Investigation of the world through objective methods (e.g. observation). It fits within a realist ontology.

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12
Q

What does the social constructionist epistemological position argue for?

A

That reality does not exist by itself, rahter it is constructed and given meaning by people. Therefore the focus is on feelings, beliefs and thoughts, and how people communicate these. Social constructionism fits better with a relativist ontology.

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13
Q

Which ontology does the social constructivist epistemology fit with?

A

Relativism

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14
Q

Which ontology does the positivist epistemology fit with?

A

Realism

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15
Q

Realists (ontology) tend to have a positivist (epistemology) approach. What methodology is associated with this?

A

Quantitative - focus on numbers

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16
Q

Relativists (ontology) tend to have a social constructionist epistemology. What methodology is associated with this?

A

Qualitative - focus on words

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17
Q

What are 6 quantitative considerations?

A
  1. Is my sample size big enough
  2. Have I used the correct statistical test
  3. Likelihood of making Type 1/2 errors
  4. Are my results generalisable
  5. Are my results and methods reproducible
  6. Am I measuring things the right way
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18
Q

What are 5 limitations of quantitative research?

A
  1. Some things can’t be measured
  2. It doesn’t tell you why
  3. It can be impersonal
  4. Data can be static (snapshot of a point in time)
  5. Can tell a version of the truth
19
Q

Quantitative research emphasises explanation and prediction, what does qualitative research emphasise?

A

Description and understanding

20
Q

Is qualitative research inductive or deductive?

A

Inductive

21
Q

Quant uses numbers as raw material, what does qual use?

A

Language

22
Q

Gathering qual data you aim for richness, what does this mean?

A

Trying to understand how and why events happened

23
Q

What are two potential issues gathering qual data?

A
  1. Response bias

2. Research usually closer to participants which may result in ethical issues.

24
Q

What are 5 criticisms of qual research?

A
  1. Subjective
  2. Cannot be repeated
  3. May not be generalisable
  4. No definite answers
25
Q

Quantitative research is linear while qualitative research is…?

A

Cyclical

26
Q

What are the 6 core activities in qual research?

A
  1. Lit review
  2. Explicating researcher’s beliefs
  3. Role of participants: subject or informant
  4. Selection of participants
  5. Approach to data analysis
  6. Saturation
27
Q

Bracketing

A

Setting aside one’s biases and personal views on a topic

28
Q

Qual data analysis is cyclical - what does this mean?

A

Data collection occurs simultaneously with data analysis

29
Q

What does ‘saturation’ refer to?

A

When participants’ descriptions have become repetitive and confirm previously collected data.

30
Q

What is the purpose of a literature review in qualitative research?

A

To show how current findings fit into what is already known. It is sometimes conducted after the data have been collected and analysed.

31
Q

What are four ways to test quality in qualitative research?

A
  1. Credibility
  2. Dependability
  3. Transferability
  4. Confirmability
32
Q

Credibility is a means by which qual researchers assess quality of their findings. What is it? How is it done?

A

Credibility = accuracy. Descriptions much be plausible and recognised by participants. This can be achieved by using multiple: data
sources, methods, , and data type; also by conducting member checking.

33
Q

Dependibility is a means by which qual researchers assess quality of their findings. What is it? How is it done?

A

The stability and trackability of the changes in data over time and conditions. Determine the extent to which another research would make the same OBSERVATIONS. This is determined by an audit trail, which involves auditing the research process, documenting all the raw data generated, documenting all the raw data generated, and assessing method of data analysis.

34
Q

Confirmability is a means by which qual researchers assess quality of their findings. What is it? How is it done?

A

Would another researcher agree about the MEANINGS emerging from the data. An audit trail is used in which the researcher explicates how personal biases may have come into play.

35
Q

Transferability is a means by which qual researchers assess quality of their findings. What is it? How is it done?

A

The generalisability of the findings to other: settings, poplulations and contexts. The report must provide sufficient detail so that readers can assess this. Lack of transferability is viewed as a general weakness of qualitative methods.

36
Q

What does thematic analysis do?

A

Identifies recurrent ideas/themes in the data.

37
Q

What are two general approaches to thematic analysis?

A
  1. Inductive - identification and exploration of themes as they emerge
  2. Theory-led - identification and exploration of pre-conceived themes
38
Q

How many stages are there in thematic analysis?

A

4 with an option of a 5th

  1. Prepare data by transcribing into a word processing file
  2. Examine data at a macro level by reading through multiple times and writing memos
  3. Coding (micro level) code the data in segments - multiple iterations refining codes
  4. Theme development. Then using material construct each themes final form: Name, definition, supporting data. Select relevant illustrative data for the theme
39
Q

What is one way to ensure rigour and reliability in qual research?

A

Inter-rater reliability. This is where 2 or more analysts examine data independently for codes and themes. The main researcher examines all of the data, other analysts examine 10-20%.

Percentage agreement = times where codes/themes agreed divided by the total number of codes

70%+ agreement required for themes to be considered real

40
Q

What is grounded theory and who developed it?

A

In grounded theory a theory is developed in an inductive manner through inspection of the data. It is an iterative process. The theory is firmly grounded in observation of reality - not influenced by hypothetical reasoning.

Developed by Glaser and Strauss (1967)

41
Q

What are the three outcomes of grounded theory?

A
  1. Taxonomy development - identification of a practical set of concepts which can form the basis of further research
  2. Local theoretical reflection - comparing the outcome with established theory
  3. A full account of the topic being investigated to generalise beyond a specific context - i.e a theory
42
Q

What does phenomonological analysis claim?

A

That reality is purely subjective

43
Q

What are the 6 stages of phenomonological analysis?

A
  1. Bracketing - bringing prior knowledge to the surface so that it can be separated from the analysis
  2. Analysis
  3. Intuiting - Exploring the data as open-mindedly as possible. Try to live in participants shoes
  4. Describing
  5. Internal validity check - researchers account matched with reports given by participants
  6. External validity check - researchers final product evaluated by participant to see whether represents their experience

Statistics 2 (5 decks)

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