Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis Flashcards
What is “richness” of data? (How can we tell the data is “rich”)
Can we read the person’s words and get a clear picture of their experience?
What is “depth” of data? (How can we tell the data has “depth”)
Did they collect data until nothing new was heard?
What is rigour in qualitative research?
Constant comparative data collection.
Data collection and analysis simultaneously.
Close adherance to philosophical orientation
Thoroughness in collecting data
Consideration of all the data in developing
How is rigour achieved in qualitative research?
Continuously comparing data as they are acquired during research.
Compare findings to literature and transcripts/findings
What are common methods of data collection in qualitative research?
Interview
Observation
Documents, artifacts, or records
What are two types of interview used for qualitative research?
In-depth or focus groups
What are two types of observation used for qualitative research? (A method of data collection)
Concealed or unconcealed
What are four criteria for judging scientific rigour in a qualitative study?
Credibility
Auditability
Transferability/fittingness
Confirmability
What is “credibility” (as criteria for scientific rigour)?
Truth of findings as judged by participants and others within the discipline.
What is “auditability” (as criteria for scientific rigour)?
Accountability as judged by the adequacy of information leading the reader from the research question and raw data through various steps of analysis to the interpretation of findings.
What is “transferability/fittingness” (as criteria for scientific rigour)?
Faithfulness to the everyday reality of the participants, described in enough detail so that others in the discipline can evaluate the importance for their own practice, research, and theory development.
What is “confirmability” (as criteria for scientific rigour)?
Findings that reflect implementation of credibility, auditability, and transferability standards.
How is credibility determined?
The authors present such a faithful description of human experience that it is recognizable as one’s own to others who have experienced this phenomenon.
What are some methods of establishing credibility?
Triangulation Prolonged engagement Member checking Peer debriefing "Thick" description Researcher credibility Reflexivity
What is triangulation?
Using more than one approach to some aspect of the study. Eg. more than one researcher conducting interviews, more than one method of data colelction (interview and observation, or one-on-one interviews and group interviews),
What is prolonged engagement?
Long interview/more than one interview.
What is member checking?
Making sure you check your interpretation with the people who you interviewed. This ensures that your interpretation of the data matches the experience of the subject, and isn’t just coming out of your bias.
What is peer debriefing?
two or more members on the research team talking about their understanding – eg this is what im seeing/hearing, does this line up with what you’re seeing/hearing/understanding? This helps to eliminate bias.
What is thick description?
Verbatim quotes from the study participants. This way, we can read it and understand their words and see if it makes sense with the researcher’s conclusion.
What is researcher credibility?
How credible the researchers are in the field of study. They should be experts.
What is reflexivity?
Critical reflection. Keeping a reflective journal where they keep thoughts and reflections.
What is the methods for ensuring transferability?
“Thick” description, verbatim data in research reports.
What are some methods of ensuring auditability?
Investigator triangulation, detailed filed notes re: methodological decisions, reflexivity.
What is “data reduction”?
Ongoing process as data is collected
Process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and transforming the data.
Data is organized into meaningful clusters (themes or structured meaning units).
What is thematic analysis?
Process of recognizing and recovering the emergent themes.
What is phenomenological analysis? (What is the process)
Immersion in the data - read and reread Extract significant statements Determine the relationship among themes Describe phenomena and themes Synthesize themes into a consistent description of phenomenon
What is ethnographic analysis? (What is the process)
Immerse in the data Identify patterns and themes Take cultural inventory Interpret findings Compare findings to the literature
What is grounded theory analysis? (What is the process)
Examine each life of data line by line
Divide data into discrete parts
Compare data for similarities/differences
Compare data with other data collected, continuously - constant comparative method
Cluster into categories
Develop categories
Determine relationships among categores
What is case study analysis? (What is the process)
Identify unit of analysis Code continuously as data is collected Find commonalities, themes Analyze field notes Review and identify patterns and connections
Where are the findings presented?
Results section - presentation of the raw data and analysis
Discussion section - the interpretation of the results/findings
