QL - W4 - Phenomenology (ch.13) Flashcards
Explore phenomenology as philosophy History Conceptualized and approach by Husserl, Heidegger & Gadamer (Gadamer = friend of Heid. Not huss.) Existentialism and relevancy to phenomenology Concept of intentionality Health care perspective Methods and analysis
What does philosophy mean in Greek? How about phenomenology?
“Love of wisdom”
“appearance”
What is valued and is considered a form of knowledge in phenomenology?
Lived experiences
Epistemology, ontology or methodology?
“philosophical branch concerned with knowledge and truth”
Epistemology
Epistemology, ontology or methodology?
“philosophical branch concerned with nature of reality (being)?”
Ontology
Epistemology, ontology or methodology?
“approach to data collection and analysis”
Methodology
What are the two types of ontology (study of being)?
- Objectivism (phenomena exists outside of researcher influence; ie. height, weight)
- Constructivism (constructed objects, beliefs, ideologies, behaviours, and human action-study identities)
What is phenomenology?
Atheoretical…based on philosophical ideas rather than theoretical concepts (Munhall, 2012).
- aims to explore and describe
- all about experiences
- can help expand our horizons when we try to understand
List all the philosophers, in order, related to phenomenology.
Brentano, Franz - first stages of phenom.y (concept of intentionality!) preliminary stages German
Husserl, Edmund - (descriptive or transcendental) German
Heidegger, Martin - (interpretive/hermeneutic) German
Gadamer, Hanz-Georg - (philosophical hermeneutics) German
Marcel; Merleau-Ponty; Sarte - all French (Sarte = existentialism)
Who is considered to be the “Father of Phenomenology”?
Husserl - descriptive/transcendental
Duquesne school and Dutch school
What are Husserl’s main contributions to phenom.y?
- Intentionality (taken from Brentano)
- Essences (description of phenomena in pure form)
- Reduction (bracketing)
Husserl - descriptive/transcendental:
How can bracketing be done?
- Dialogue with fellow researchers (before research begins)
- Memos/bracketing journal (during data collection)
- Final report (write down everything that was bracketed)
What is the concept of “unknowing”?
- a way of knowing (I know because I know that I don’t know anything)
- coming to participant with a clean slate: you don’t know anything and want to learn
- essential to understanding INTERSUBJECTIVITY and developing perspective
- allows us to have “openness” for the other person, leading to developing PERCEPTUAL SPACE
Three phases of phenomenology
- Preliminary (Brentano)
- German (Husserl; Heidegger; Gadamer)
- French (Merleau-Ponty; Sartre)
OR
- Descriptive/transcendental (Husserl)
- Interpretive (Heidegger) and Philosophical hermeneutics (Gadamer)
- Existentialism (Sartre)
The shared perceptual space of intersubjectivity belongs to which type of phenomenology?
Husserl’s descriptive phenomenology
True or False?
The shared perceptual space of intersubjectivity is related to “unknowing”
True
What is intentionality?
From Husserl (taken from Brentano):
- a ‘MENTAL phenomenon, or act of CONSCIOUSNESS, being directed toward some object’
Husserl - descriptive/transcendental:
What is epoche?
“to suspend belief”
Focused on describing phenomena as it appears in one’s consciousness, prior to thinking about it, or reflecting upon it
Husserl - descriptive/transcendental:
“Phenomena could be captured within consciousness and be described in a pure form” is the definition of…
Universal essence
OR
Eidetic structures
Husserl - descriptive/transcendental:
How would Husserl “do phenomenology”?
By bracketing assumptions and biases to capture the pure phenomena.
** Epistemology focus
Husserl - descriptive/transcendental:
What are the 3 “different kinds” of intersubjectivity?
- Personal universe (separate subjective views of reality)
- Intersubjectivity (two views of interests; closer together!)
- Perceptual space (shared perceptual field where subjectivities intersect)
Heidegger - interpretive/hermeneutic:
Why did he “leave” Husserl’s philosophy and develop interpretive phenomenology?
Because what phenomena means and how it affects individuals existence or being in the world (Dasein) is more important/meaningful than just describing phenomena.
**Ontology focus
Heidegger - interpretive/hermeneutic:
What is the process of interpretation where we can continually move between smaller and larger units of meaning in order to determine the meaning of both?
Hermeneutic Circle
** “circle” because you go back and forth to learn and understand the meaning in building and revising understanding
The movement within the circle is a process of re-examining old prejudices in light of another’s truth, allowing something else to emerge beyond our own prejudicial understanding.
Heidegger - interpretive/hermeneutic:
Define:
Interpretation
Hermeneutics
Holism
Interpretation: determining the meaning of something
Hermeneutics: study of interpretation
Holism: the whole is more important than the sum of its parts. Meaning is found in the whole
Gadamer - philosophical hermeneutics:
Gadamer was interested in HOW its possible to understand, and believed that understanding is only possible through _______ and ________.
History ; language
About horizons**
Historically effected consciousness
- Present horizon
- Fusion of horizon (mingling)
- Expanded horizon (after, we come out with more knowledge)
*in support of interpretivism
Doing phenomenology slide **ppt slide 53
GROUNDING (based on experiences of everyday life).
That which is ‘common’, is explored…for the purpose of either description or interpretation.
REFLEXIVITY (hermeneutics)…being open to different interpretations to gain greater meaning and understanding. Seen in both but different ways to do it
HUMANIZATION (consider the ontological and existential dimensions that provides context and meaning).
** in support of subjectivity
List the 3 challenges of “doing phenomenology”
- Method slurring
When you mix methods and don’t stay true to the philosophy of one approach (can be “dangerous”) - Not keeping it grounded in philosophy
- keeping it atheoretical; non-mechanical
What is the “beauty” in phenomenology?
- Offers RICH descriptions and interpretations of ppl’s experiences
- Creates CONNECTION b/w humans and creates space for greater understanding of one another
- EXPANDS our perspectives
- FREEDOM from thinking we have all the answers
True or false:
Giorgi is aligned with Gadamer.
FALSE.
Giorgi is aligned with Husserl
Giorgi has a 4-step process for analyzing data, with a goal to uncover and produce description of the lived experience. What are the steps?
- READ to get sense of the “whole”
- DIFFERENTIATE b/w “meaningful units”
- TRANSFORM data and highlight themes
- INTEGRATION of the transformed meaning units with a consistent statement about the participants’ experience
Colaizzi had a 7-stage process for analyzing data. What are the steps?
- READ entire transcript to get a ‘feel’
- Return to text and extract SIGNIFICANT STATEMENTS
- Spell out significant statements (FORMULATE MEANING)
- Repeat and aggregate formulated meanings into clusters of THEMES
- VALIDATE by referring back to original transcripts
- Note discrepancies between the various clusters - Integrate into EXHAUSTIVE DESCRIPTION of phenomenon
- Compose a STATEMENT OF ID of its (the exhaustive description) FUNDAMENTAL STRUCTURE
- MEMBER CHECKING (validation by participants)
