Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BRUTE FORCE OPHTH PREP PART 1 > Qbank must know 2 > Flashcards

Qbank must know 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Indocyanine green (ICG) wavelength

A

ICG dye absorbs light of wavelength 805nm and reflects light of wavelength 835nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

botulinum toxin (mechanism)

A

Botulinum toxin inhibits the release of ACh from PREsynaptic nerve terminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

largest cranial nerve is:

A

the trigeminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

sympathetic trunk extends

A

extends from the base of the skull to the coccyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

sympathetic trunk enters the thorax

A

It enters the thorax through the neck of the first rib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

CMO cystoid macular oedema. Which retinal layer accounts for the petalloid appearance in fluorescein angiography?

A

Outer plexiform layer

The radiating fibres of Henle in the outer plexiform layer lead to the cystic spaces in CMO.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Jaw opening muscles

A

lateral pterygoid and mylohyoid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Short posterior ciliary artery supply

A

choroid and and outer4 layers of retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Argyll Robertson pupil

A

light near dissociation

light absent
near present

defect afferant pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Adie’s tonic pupil

A

mid dilated
lesion in ciliary ganglion

sluggish everyway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

corneal clarify factors

A

regular arrangement of epithelium
regular arrangement of lamellar laminin (GAG keratan sulphate)
Endothelial pump Action
avascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

diameter of the adult cornea

A

11.7 mm horizontally and 10.6 mm vertically.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Diploë

A

is the name of the spongy bone that separates tables of compact bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sutures

A

immobile, rigid articulations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Site of opening into nose: Middle meatus
? sinus

A

Frontal
Maxillary
Ethmoidal (anterior and middle groups)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Site of opening into nose: Superior meatus ? sinus

A

Ethmoidal (posterior group)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Site of opening into nose: recess or superior meatus ? sinus

A

Sphenoidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

posterior blepharitis

A

Meibomian gland dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Meibomian glands

A

are modified sebaceous glands which produce an oily substance that forms part of the precorneal tear film

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

chalazion

A

A chalazion is a lipogranulomatous inflammatory cyst resulting from a blocked
Meibomian gland.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

important differences between extraocular muscles and normal skeletal
muscle

A

1.The connective tissue of the extraocular muscles,
including the epimysium (a sheath surrounding the whole muscle) is generally thin
and delicate by comparison

2.The muscle fbres are more loosely packed, with the
larger diameter (10–40 μm) fbres occupying the centre and the smaller fbres (5–15
μm) placed peripherally in the muscle.

3.Extraocular muscle also has many specialised
sensory and proprioceptive endings, including long muscle spindles almost 1 mm in
length, which provide feedback about muscle activity to the central nervous system

Lastly, extraocular muscle is more vascular than normal skeletal muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Schwalbe’s line marks the termination of

A

Descemet’s membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

lens capsule is thinnest at

A

Posterior pole

posterior pole 2–3 µm
The anterior pole is 9–14 µm
peri-zonular region the capsule is 17–28 µm thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

vitreous base attaches

A

peripheral retina and pars plana

vitreous base is a three-dimensional band that extends approximately 2 mm
either side of the ora serrata and is usually attached to the peripheral retina and pars plana

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Bruch’s membrane is composed of 5 layers (basement)
the basement membrane of the choriocapillaris, an outer collagenous layer, an elastin layer, an inner collagenous layer and the basement membrane of the RPE.
26
lateral canthal tendon inserts into
Whitnall’s tubercle
27
Whitnall’s tubercle
is a small prominence of bone lying just inside the lateral orbital rim. Eisler’s fat pad lies immediately anterior to the lateral canthal tendon, deep to the orbital septum
28
Nerve innervation of iris (parasympathetic, sympathetic, and sensory)
The parasympathetic nerves supplying the iris originate in the Edinger–Westphal nucleus and synapse in the ciliary ganglion. Their postganglionic fibres travel via the short ciliary nerves and supply the sphincter pupillae muscle The dilator pupillae is predominantly innervated by unmyelinated sympathetic fibres originating in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion The sensory innervation of the iris is via both the long and short ciliary nerves, which derive from the nasociliary nerve (and ultimately V1)
29
optic canal connects
middle cranial fossa and the orbital apex
30
posterior to anterior orientation of the optic canal
Inferolateral posterior to anterior the optic canal runs slightly inferiorly and around 36o laterally through the sphenoid
31
optic canal narrowest part
orbital opening and widens posteriorly
32
ciliary body
ciliary body has a greater anteroposterior length temporally than nasally, and is generally at its longest inferotemporally. It varies with the size of the globe, measuring 5.6–6.3 mm temporally and 4.6–5.2 mm nasally
33
A The blood supply to the ciliary body
via the anterior ciliary arteries and the long posterior ciliary arteries
34
middle radial layer of the ciliary muscle is continuous with
corneoscleral meshwork
35
outer longitudinal layer of the ciliary muscle attaches
scleral spur
36
The ciliary body stroma lies between
ciliary body stroma lies between the ciliary muscle and the ciliary epithelium.
37
Iris capillaries are fenestrated/ non-fenestrated
Iris capillaries are non-fenestrated with tight junctions and pericytes, contributing to the blood–ocular barrier
38
Iris blood supply
The major arterial circle (which is often incomplete) derives its blood supply from the anterior ciliary arteries (which travel anteriorly with the extraocular muscles before piercing the sclera) and the long posterior ciliary arteries (which pierce the sclera near the optic nerve and run anteriorly between the sclera and choroid to the ciliary body) The minor arterial circle of the iris is at the level of the collarette, and is also often incomplete. From here vessels continue inwards to the pupillary border.
39
lymphatic drainage 1) right side of the head and neck, and the right arm 2) the rest of the body
1) right lymphatic duct - right subclavian vein 2) thoracic duct - left subclavian vein The blood from the subclavian veins returns to the heart via the brachiocephalic veins and superior vena cava
40
three principal layers (tunica) of blood vessels
1. Intima 2. Media 3. Adventitia The intima contains the endothelium supported by the internal elastic lamina. The latter is typically fragmented in giant cell arteritis The media is the main muscular layer of the vessel, containing smooth muscle cells, and varying amounts of elastic fibres (principally in medium to large arteries). The adventitia (sometimes called tunica externa) is the MAIN connective tissue layer, and in arteries this contains the external elastic lamina.
41
Veins vs artery
Veins have a thinner media, larger lumen and contain proportionally less muscle and less elastic tissue than arteries.
42
plasma vs aqueous
* Higher levels of lactate and ascorbate * Similar concentrations of sodium, potassium and magnesium; * Slightly lower levels of bicarbonate; * Lower levels of glucose and calcium (about half that of plasma), and much lower levels of albumin.
43
Transcription
DNA → RNA
44
Translation
RNA → peptide formation
45
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are dependent endopeptidases
zinc and calcium-dependent endopeptidases
46
MMPs are released by
neutrophils during the acute inflammatory response (they mediate cell and tissue damage, along with free radicals from the respiratory burst), and also by cells in normal tissues for growth, maintenance, repair and remodelling.
47
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are keep in check by
They are kept in check by endogenous tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs). Endogenous inhibitors called TIMPs are present in normal tissues
48
which growth factor stimulates the differentiation of anterior lens epithelial cells into lens fibres.
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is one of the principal factors that stimulates the differentiation of anterior lens epithelial cells into lens fibres.
49
weight of the lens is protein
1/3
50
90% of the lens protein
crystallins
51
Differentiation of anterior lens epithelial cells into lens fibres describe
This change is characterised by elongation, withdrawal from the cell cycle, expression of large amounts of crystallins and eventually the loss of organelles and the nucleus.
52
Lens fibres are densely packed with cytoplasmic interdigitations, and intercellular, gap junction-like channels formed by
MIP26 (main intrinsic polypeptide 26), which was subsequently recognized as an aquaporin and named aquaporin-0
53
The genes encoding the two types of α-crystallin (known as αA and αB) are found on chromosomes
21 and 11 The genes encoding the two types of α-crystallin (known as αA and αB) are found on chromosomes 21 and 11, respectively
54
The corneal endothelial cell pump moves what (sodium/ potassium) from the stroma to the aqueous by active transport
Sodium and bicarbonate The corneal endothelial cell pump moves sodium and bicarbonate from the stroma to the aqueous by active transport. This is mediated by a sodium/potassium-dependent ATPase and a bicarbonate-dependent ATPase, and is facilitated by co-transporters.
55
Potassium and chloride move to the aqueous predominantly by
passive diffusion
56
Pericyte
Pericytes are contractile cells embedded in the basement membrane of vessels, to which they contribute. They are involved in a number of regulatory functions, communicating with the endothelial cells by paracrine signalling and direct contact. They play a key role in maintaining the blood–brain barrier, where they regulate permeability. They may also have a role in controlling cerebral blood flow.
57
Pericyte coverage is highest in
Retinal vessels Pericyte coverage is highest in the retinal vessels, with a relative frequency of 1:1 pericytes to endothelial cells. This may be because of the meticulous metabolic demands of the retina and the requirement to maintain the blood–retinal barrier.
58
Melatonin is synthesized by photoreceptors in conditions of light/ darkness
darkness Melatonin is synthesized by photoreceptors in conditions of darkness and suppresses dopamine production
59
Rod outer segments complete their renewal cycle
About 10% of the rod outer segment is phagocytosed daily, and it takes 9–10 days for the renewal cycle to be complete
60
Colobomas are
Colobomas are a result of failed or incomplete closure of the embryonic optic fissure, and are thus found inferonasally
61
Main constituents of adult vitreous are (collagen)
Other than water, the main constituents of adult vitreous are type II collagen and hyaluronate
62
which part of vitreous first to liquefy?
The central vitreous is the first to liquefy. The vitreous reduces in size, and liquefied vitreous (from pooling of hyaluronate) escapes into the subhyaloid space, leading to posterior vitreous detachment.
63
mitochondrial-inherited condition (2)
Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy Kearns–Sayre syndrome
64
Histones and DNA charge
Histones have a high positive charge, allowing them to associate with DNA which has a negative charge
65
Histone contains
Lysine and arginine Lysine and arginine are positively charged (basic) amino acids, and are found in large numbers in histones
66
corneal dystrophy (inheritance)
it is safe to assume that a corneal dystrophy is autosomal dominant Apart from macular corneal dystrophy, which is autosomal recessive
67
Reis–Buckler is characterised by / stain
Reis–Buckler is characterised by granular deposits in the epithelial basement membrane. These stain with Masson’s trichrome. It manifests clinically as recurrent corneal erosion and corneal opacification which may require corneal grafting
68
Antigen presenting cells (APCs) include
monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, some B cells, and activated endothelial cells. They constitutively express MHC class II molecules. NOT T CELLS
69
MHC class I molecules are present on
every nucleated cell HLA-B27 is an example of an MHC class I molecule.
70
MHC class II molecules are only expressed by
antigen presenting cells (APC)
71
The electrooculogram (EOG) measures the
resting electrical potential between the retinal pigment epithelium (electrically negative) and cornea (positive) CORNEA POSITIVE
72
involved in colour vision
P pathway. area V8 of visual cortex . geniculate layer 3-6
73
Purkinje shift
Purkinje shift refers to a shift in peak spectral sensitivity, from 555 nm to 505 nm, with dark adaptation. Dark adaptation does increase light sensitivity by a factor of 1,000, but this is not the Purkinje shift.
74
Light adaptation (time)
5 minutes
75
dark adaptation (time)
20 minutes
76
Dark adaptation
It is biphasic The dark adaptation time is related to the time required to build up rhodopsin stores
77
decrease levels of IL-2
Cyclosporin and tacrolimus
78
anti-TNF agents
Infliximab and etanercept
79
monoclonal antibody against the CD20 protein
Rituximab
80
During a cataract operation, the intraocular lens is accidentally placed in the sulcus rather than within the capsular bag. This will result in:
myopic shift The lens is placed more anteriorly and therefore results in a myopic shift compared to the predicted outcome.
81
disciform scar
fibrous metaplasia of RPE cells with deposition of collagen causing the disc-shaped mass
82
retinoic acid
Hox gene
83
FMR-1 gene
Fragile-X Syndrome
84
PAX-3 gene
Klein-Waardenburg syndrome syndrome is characterised by pigmentary abnormalities such as hair and iris hypopigmentation, dystopia canthorum and congenital sensorineural hearing loss.
85
Rb gene
retinoblastoma
86
Bcl-2
anti-apoptotic gene
87
corneal stroma is composed of ??? layers of flattened collagenous lamella
200-250 layers The corneal stroma is composed of 200-250 layers of flattened collagenous lamellae
88
major functions of the complement system
three main functions: opsonisation, cytolysis of pathogenic organisms, production of inflammatory mediators Complement plays no role in presenting antigens
89

BRUTE FORCE OPHTH PREP PART 1 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions