Q5 - Social Aspects, SM Flashcards
social aspects, social media
Schacter’s 7 memory sins
sins of omission
1. transience
2. absent mindedness
3. blocking
sins of commission
4. misattribution
5. suggestibility
6. bias
7. persistence
memory malleability benefit
transforms distinctive individual memories into shared ones
Maurice Halbwachs and no true individual memories
individual memories are not isolated, but are rather shaped and influenced by the social groups to which individuals belong
- memory is not just a personal phenomenon but is deeply intertwined with social structures, norms, and interactions
collective memories importance
Collective memories can help shape collective identity, which is usually desirable
Not all shared memories are collective memories b/c…
they don’t help shape collective ID
psychologists’ primary interest in collective memory is to understand why they go_____
viral
ways collective memories are remembered
- monuments/artifacts
- conversations
psychologist can contribute to the study of cultural artifacts by understanding how
- cultural artifacts shape individuals’ (collective) memories of the historical event or person
- why some monuments, museums, and memorials are more successful/memorable than others
Social memory dynamics (4)
- Collaborative facilitation
- Collaborative inhibition
- Audience tuning
- Transactive memory
Collaborative facilitation
the group, as a whole, recalls more than an individual alone would
Collaborative inhibition
the group recalls less than the sum of individual recall
collab facilitation and inhibition explanations
retrieval blockage
- remembering together interferes w/ retrieval strategies
- individuals remember better alone
Audience tuning
framing messages to match what the audience wants to hear
- Audience attentive or not
- In-group; out-group
Transactive memory
cognitive effort is distributed among people and resources
- relying on someone’s cognitive effort to hold on to info so we don’t have to
–have to have distinct expertise
– have to know who has that info
speaker/listener effects on memory (4)
- Rehearsal effects
- Saying is believing effect
- Social contagion
- Retrieval-induced forgetting and facilitation
Rehearsal/Retrieval effects
Retrieval is the “key to long-term retention”
- mentioning an item during a group recounting should make it easier to remember
- An improvement should be observable in both speaker and listeners
–but more on speaker, who has stronger impact on what group remembers
Saying-is-Believing effect
tuning message to audience’s attitude about X
(positive or negative aspects)
- recall matches tuning
- positive aspects are recalled better
audience tuning motives (3)
- obtaining incentive ($$) for audience tuning
- entertaining audience with exaggerated tuning
- shared reality (replication of SIB paradigm)
- in-group
in-group vs out group
more desire to create shared reality w/ in-group members
- collective memories are more likely to be formed among those with whom one already wishes to form a shared reality
Social Contagion
what one person says in a group recounting can “infect” the memories of other group members
- As a result, the shared memories of the group will overlap more, and the group will come to see the past in a uniform way
Factors affecting social contagion (3)
- Group size matters
– smaller groups: less chance of social contagion
- larger groups: more chance of a conformity effect - An expert is more likely to impose a memory on others than a non-expert
- Distrust towards the source of misinformation can limit the level of social contagion
- material that is easier to access is more likely to be false
RIF
practiced, retrieved associations weakens recall of reated, unpracticed info
SS-RIF
remembering certain aspects but forgetting other aspects of something learned thru social interactions
SS-RIF occurs when (2)
- merely overhearing a speaker
- in the course of a free-flowing conversation
conversational silence
selective retrieval can induce intentional forgetting unwanted info bc it wasn’t talked about as much - silence
- rehearsing some aspects of an event will weaken other aspects of it and induce forgetting for both speaker and listener
- collective forgetting
selective retrieval can produce facilitation when: (2)
- broad search of info
- well integrated material
extended mind hypothesis questions (2)
- Where does the mind stop and the rest of the world begin?
- where does the space of the body stop and the space of the environment begin?
extended mind
an external object becomes part of the cognitive system when its features resemble that part of the brain its meant to replace
ex phone, notebook
The extended mind hypothesis answers (3)
- “Traditional”: The mind stops at the skin and skull: What is outside the body is outside the mind
- “Externalism”: The meaning of our words are not simply in our head but carries over to the external world
- Active externalism: The environment plays an active role in driving cognitive processes
The Extended Mind factors (4)
- constancy
- directly available
- automatic endorsement
- previous enforcement
Constancy
The information from the external world (e.g., phone, notebook) must be a constant in the individual’s life
Directly available
The information from the external world must be directly available without difficulty
Automatic endorsement
the information is automatically endorsed when it’s retrieved from the external world
Previous endorsement
The information in the external world has been previously endorsed and is there as a result of this endorsement
- may not be a necessary condition
extended mind and elderly
parts of the environment and external aids compensate for gaps in cognitive skills that decline w/ age
- elderly ppl w/ dementia show no overt symptoms when they use external aids
- however, these symptoms becomes worse when they lose these cues
ex. moving from house to retirement home
extended mind evaluation: 3 waves
- First Wave: Parity between internal and external components
- Second Wave: Complementarity between internal and external components
- Third Wave: Dynamically changing internal and external components; reciprocal process
sharing GENERAL INFO on social media - supports extended mind
diminished recall
- offloading: externalizing info replaces the need for biological recall
- no effect for texting
sharing PERSONAL memories on social media - no extended mind support
increased recall for personal memories
- rehearsal effect
- deeper processing
- social media format may be more conductive for facilitating recall
– cognitively sticky
social media factors that influence memories of the past (4)
- likes and comments
- more = more interaction w/ post - more chances for recollection - The “permanency” of the post
- Goals for posting
- Memory vs. the post
study 1 discussion
- sharing photographs and descriptions on social media facilitates accurate recall and diminishes memory errors
- No evidence of RIF
However, this study was completed with “artificial,” experimenter contrived and not personally-relevant photographs
- Thus, lacks ecological validity
study 2 discussion
- Enhanced recall for shared photographs
- No evidence of RIF
However, taking photographs and, more specifically, sharing photographs enhances recall those details captured in the photograph
- Does a poorer job of facilitating the recall of the details surrounding the photo
mnemonic silence factors (4)
- the motives associated with why the individual chose not to share the photograph
- the extent to which the original event was encoded
- whether the individual revisits the photograph on their own
- the proclivity with which the individual shares their life on social media more
generally
