Q2 - WM, Ep/Sem, Skill/proced

Question 1

Atkinson-Shiffrin Memory Model

Answer 1

1. input
2. sensory memory (visual/auidoty/haptic)
3. attention
4. STM
   - control processes (rehearsal/encoding/retrieval strategies)
5. LTM

Question 2

LTM systems

Answer 2

• Declarative/Explicit (Chapter 7)
  –Semantic
  –Episodic
• Non-declarative/Procedural/Implicit/Skill Memory (Chapter 8)

these are learned through repetition, apparently infinite capacity, stored knowledge not currently “in mind”

Question 3

sensory memory characteristics

Answer 3

• One for each sense
• Very large storage
• Extremely rapid decay (~1s) and rapidly over-written by new incoming sensory information
• Transfers to STM

Question 4

sensory memories

Answer 4

brief, transient sensations of what you have just perceived

Question 5

sensory memory capacity approaches (2)

Answer 5

1. total recall
2. Sperling’s partial report technique

Question 6

total recall

Answer 6

1. Present grid of letters for ~300 ms, too short to transfer to STM
2. Have participants write letters recalled
   - Typically 3 letters
   Problem: store fades before letters can be written

Question 7

Sperling’s partial report technique

Answer 7

1. Have participants only report 1 row, signaled by a tone after presentation
2. Again, only 3 letters - but 3 letters from any given row!

Suggests sensory store holds a complete snapshot of the world, but that it fades very rapidly

Question 8

STM characteristics

Answer 8

• Multimodal (general for senses)
• Small capacity
• Quick decay (<1 min) and over-writing
• Rehearsal – preserves info in STM
• Transfer to/from LTM

Question 9

STM vs LTM

Answer 9

STM
- active contents of consciousness
- rapid access
- limited capacity
- forgotten quickly

LTM
- not currently in consciousness
- slower access
- unlimited capacity
- forgotten slowly

LTM is constrained by STM/WM

Question 10

STM capacity - digit span

Answer 10

1. Read list of numbers, subjects repeat
2. Increase list length until error is made
3. Big component of many IQ measures
   Miller: 7 plus or minus 2 (but 5 is the mode in normal humans)

Question 11

capacity and meaning

Answer 11

When lists are meaningful, same length can be held in memory despite much more information being present.
5 to 9 “chunks”

Question 12

chunks

Answer 12

5 to 9 pieces of information/units of meaning

Question 13

recoding/chunking

Answer 13

finding meaning in information being stored in STM
- Recode random numbers (14921941) into meaningful years: 1492, 1941
- Depends on having meaningful chunks available

Question 14

rehearsal

Answer 14

repeating information mentally to maintain attention
- Attention determines duration – stop paying attention, lose the information

Question 15

WM

Answer 15

workspace for the mind
- It collects sensory input, activates relevant LTMs, and transforms information to suit current needs.

Question 16

WM component parts (3)

Answer 16

1. Phonological loop – inner voice
2. Sketchpad – inner eye (imagining)
3. Central executive – attention

Question 17

phonological loop

Answer 17

repeating info mentally - rehearsal
- stores about 2 s of autitory info

Question 18

Word-length effect

Answer 18

less capacity to memorize lists of multi-syllable words compared to single-syllable words
- Those who speak faster can rehearse longer lists of words

Question 19

Visual-Spatial Sketchpad

Answer 19

Holds both visual and spatial information for manipulation (the mind’s eye)
- Limited capacity, but capacity is independent from phonological loop (filling one doesn’t impact the other)

Question 20

central executive

Answer 20

The working part of your mind; monitors and manipulates working memory buffers - manipulation of remembered information.

• Exerts cognitive control over behavior; providing complex organization in response to environmental demands
• The most important component of working memory, but also the least understood

Question 21

Central Executive and Cognitive Control tasks

Answer 21

1. self-ordered memory task - choose an item not yet selected
2. Hanoi tower
3. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test - learn a rule governing the sorting of cards (e.g., by color).
   - After they catch on, however, the rule is changed (e.g., by shape), requiring an updating of memory and behavior
4. stroop test

Question 22

dysexecutive syndrome

Answer 22

decrease in working memory and executive function
- Decreased digit span
- Poor memory updating (self-ordered memory task)
- Poor planning (Hanoi tower)
- Poor task switching, with perseverance (can’t switch to new rule in card sorting task)
- Poor overall IQ

Question 23

prefrontal cortex areas of WM

Answer 23

1. Dorsal PFC:
   Manipulation (central executive)
2. Ventral PFC
   Simple Maintenance
   - left: phonological loop
   - right: visuospatial sketchpad
3. Other cortical areas
   Rehearsal

Question 24

Dorsolateral PFC

Answer 24

• Impaired with a delayed self-ordered visual recognition task requiring memory manipulation (Which of these have I not selected previously?)
• No impairment, however, with a delayed recognition task requiring only memory maintenance (Which of these have I seen before?)

Question 25

damage Ventrolateral PFC - left

Answer 25

impairs auditory rehearsal

Question 26

damage Ventrolateral PFC - right

Answer 26

impairs visual memory rehearsal

Question 27

PFC job

Answer 27

1. Storage: holds temporary memories in place (this is the traditional view) 2. Coordinates: maintains activity in posterior portions of the cortex to represent temporary memories (this is a newer theory)

Question 28

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 28

inability to form new LTM still intact: - most memories before surgery - new things as long as attending to new info

Question 29

HM memory systems

Answer 29

working memory (new info) and LTM (info before surgery) remain intact but CONSOLIDATION process is impaired - can't transfer info from WM to LTM

Question 30

WM types (2) 1. Declarative 2. Non declarative

Answer 30

1. declarative LTM: explicit - can relate back to others (first concert, current president) 2. nondeclarative LTM: implicit - hard to teach others (walk, ride a bike)

Question 31

declarative types (2)

Answer 31

1. episodic: specific autobiographical events (first concert) 2. semantic: facts and general knowledge (Yanks WS titles) - both episodic and semantic memories depend on e/o

Question 32

memory processes (3)

Answer 32

1. storage: initial storage of info 2. encoding: maintaining stored info 3. retrieval: reactivating the memory for further processing

Question 33

encoding

Answer 33

prior knowledge helps the more deeply info is processed the better it is encoded - imaged words are better remembered than pronounced words

Question 34

retrieval and encoding connection

Answer 34

Retrieval works best when conditions are similar to encoding conditions - SCUBA test

Question 35

SCUBA test

Answer 35

1. participants learned 2 list of 40 words on land or underwater 2. tested in same or diff context results: same context group performed better

Question 36

retrieval cues

Answer 36

more cues = makes memory recall easier

Question 37

memory failure problems (4)

Answer 37

1. forgetting 2. interference 3. misattribution 4. false memory

Question 38

forgetting

Answer 38

substantial forgetting even w perfectly encoded material - long- lasting memories tend to be permanent - directed forgetting can increase forgetting

Question 39

interference

Answer 39

Similar/overlapping information can interfere with memory, producing storage and retrieval errors - proactive - retroactive

Question 40

proactive interference

Answer 40

OLD info interferes w/ new info - memories of an old party interfere w memories of the new party

Question 41

retroactive interference

Answer 41

NEW info interferes w/ old info - hard to remember old test info after learning new test info

Question 42

misattribution errors

Answer 42

incorrectly linking memories to their source - memory misattribution - source amnesia - crytomnesia

Question 43

Memory misattribution

Answer 43

information is correctly remembered but mistakenly associated with an incorrect source ex. Joe told me the party was today (when it was actually Jane)

Question 44

Source Amnesia

Answer 44

when information is correctly remembered, but the source is not remembered at all ex. I know the party is today, but I have no idea how I know that

Question 45

Cryptomnesia

Answer 45

mistakenly remembering someone else’s ideas as one’s own ex. It was my idea to have the party (when it was actually Jane’s)

Question 46

false memories

Answer 46

memories can be modified and manipulated after encoding - Wade et al. photoshopped kids into photos of events they had never really participated in. After viewing the photos, kids claimed the event had really happened and “remembered” details not contained in the photos.

Question 47

consolidation

Answer 47

strengthening the stability of stored information - each use of a memory makes it fragile again, requiring reconsolidation to once again keep it permanently

Question 48

sensory cortex

Answer 48

first cortical processing center for a sense

Question 49

associative cortex

Answer 49

connecting the primary cortices

Question 50

Episodic

Answer 50

specific autobiographical events Ex first concert

Question 51

Semantic

Answer 51

facts and general knowledge (Yanks WS titles) - both episodic and semantic memories depend on e/o

Question 52

Declarative

Answer 52

explicit - can relate back to others Ex current president

Question 53

Non-declarative

Answer 53

Implicit Hard to relate back to others Ex how to walk, ride a bike