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TOXICOLOGY > Q1 Exam 3 > Flashcards

Q1 Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Crotalaria and Senecio

A

rattlebox and tansy ragwort, pyrrolizidine alkaloids inhibit mitosis in liver, more common in cattle/horses

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2
Q

Lantana camara

A

Lantadene A and B cause intrahepatic cholestasis and GI irritation (sometimes kidney failure)

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3
Q

Moldy legumes infected with asper, penicillium, rhizopus, mucor

A

alflatoxin B1 blocks RNA polymerase and causes oncogenesis, acute hemorrhage and subacute liver failure

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4
Q

copper toxicity

A

anemia from sudden copper release from liver, no residual liver damage

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5
Q

arsenic

A

pentavalent and trivalent inorganic and organic, cause energy deficits (hemorrhagic D) and organic causes degeneration of myelin sheaths in monograstrics, antidote is dimercaprol BAL

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6
Q

urea toxicity

A

ruminal alkalosis, neuro signs

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7
Q

Ammoniated feed

A

bovine bonkers imidazoles are convulsants, neuro signs

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8
Q

Solanum nigrum

A

black nightshade, solanine blocks AChE

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9
Q

Nicotiana

A

tobacco nicotine also causes teratogens

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10
Q

Ranunculus spp

A

buttercups, convert ranunculin to protoanemonins, potent GI irritator causes muzzle burn too

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11
Q

Actea rubra

A

bane berry (red berry), ranunculin too, bitter milk

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12
Q

Helenium, Hymenoxys, Dugaldia spp

A

bitterweeds and sneezeweeds, sesquiterpene lactones bind sulfhydrals in GI, “spewing sickness”

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13
Q

Melia azedarach

A

chinaberry, southern states, GI and muscle tremors

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14
Q

Ricinus communis

A

castor bean (lectins), ricin and ricinine and ricinoleic acid cause hemagglutination and violent purging

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15
Q

oleander, Asclepias, Digitalis

A

milkweed and foxglove, cardiac glycosides inhibit ATPase in myocardia, heart and GI, avoid fluids with calcium

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16
Q

rhododendron, azalea, laurel

A

grayanotoxin alters sodium metabolism and produces bradycardia and GI signs

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17
Q

ionophore toxicity

A

cation transport into cell causes D, tachycardia, tremors (nephro and hepatotoxin in horses too)

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18
Q

Taxus and avocado

A

yew, taxines block Na/Ca and some schemic myotoxins

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19
Q

acorn/oak

A

hydrolysable tannins (gallic acid, pyrogallol) directly damage GI, liver, kidneys, and stubby legs in calves, edema

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20
Q

three respiratory toxins

A

summer grasses (tryptophan), perilla mint, fusarium mold on sweet potatoes

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21
Q

grass, linseed, flax

A

cyanide binds to ferric ion an retains O in blood, bright red mm, chronic teratogen and cystitis ataxia syndrome, tx with sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate

22
Q

nitrite, nitrate toxicity

A

nitrates caustic to GI mucosa and congenital hypothyroidism, nitrites cause methemoglobinemia, tx methylene blue

23
Q

Astralgus, indigo, and corinilla varia

A

milk vetch, indigo, and crown vetch, NPOH and NPA hydrolyzed to nitrite, ataxia, cyanosis

24
Q

bracken fern and rock fern

A

ptaquiloside depresses bone marrow, chronic bladder tumors, fever and hemorrhage in ruminants, neuro in monograstrics

25
Q

Melilotus infected with asper or peni

A

moldy sweet clover, dicoumarin inhibits Vit K epoxide reductase

26
Q

Brassica

A

glucosinolates (GI) and S-methyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide (hemolysis), also goitrogenic, diarrhea, rape blindness, hepatic necrosis and gun metal kidneys

27
Q

gossypol toxicity

A

monogastrics, binds cell lysine, phospholipids, iron, which damages myocardium, liver, and reduces fertility (heart in calves)

28
Q

fescue toxicity

A

summer slump, stims D2 (smooth muscle) and blocks prolactin, ergovaline causes vasoconstriction

29
Q

Claviceps mold on grains

A

alkaloids (ergo…)

30
Q

phytoestrogens

A

alfalfa, soybeans, clovers, cereal grains cause hypertrophy of vagina and obstructive urolithiasis

31
Q

pine needles

A

isocupressic acid obstructs fetal blood flow

32
Q

Gutierrezia sarothrae

A

broom snakeweed, saponin causes abortion and retains placentas

33
Q

carbon monoxide

A

increase of stillbirths in swine

34
Q

lupine

A

quinolizidine alkaloids (anagyrine and sparteine) cause crooked calves

35
Q

Conium maculatum

A

poison hemlock, piperidine alkaloids coniine and coniciene nicotinic antagonists, reduced fetal movement

36
Q

locoweed

A

astralgus, neuro, emaciation, repro, and heart failure syndromes, neurovisceral vacuoles (lysosomal storage disease), also selenium accumulator (blind staggers)

37
Q

Delphinium and aconitum

A

Larkspur and monkshood, delphinine and aconitine block nicotinic neuromuscular junction

38
Q

organophasphates/carbamates

A

SLUD/tremors, AChE binding and delayed distal axonopathy, tx 2-PAM or atropine

39
Q

moldy walnuts and infected grass

A

tremorgenic mycotoxins cause grass staggers

40
Q

sulfur toxicity

A

inhibits cytochrome-c oxidase and affects neuronal ATP production, dullness, black D

41
Q

Rhizoctonia infects trifolium and alfalfa

A

slaframine (indolizidine alkaloid) acts parasympathetic, tx atropine

42
Q

Amaranthus, rumex, sarcobatus, halogeton

A

pigweed, curly dock, greasewood, salt lover, oxalate causes blood Ca to precipate to calcium oxalate, renal failure possible

43
Q

Cestrum diurnum

A

day blooming jasmine, steroid glycoside like Vit D, increase Ca and P causing osteopetrosis and renal dysfunction

44
Q

Acer nubrum

A

red maple, gallic acid causes hemolytic anemia, pigment nephropathy

45
Q

Hypochoreris and marva

A

false dandelion and mallow cause bilateral stringhalt

46
Q

Centaurea

A

yellow star thistle and russion knapweed, nigropallidal encephalomalacia

47
Q

Fusarium on corn

A

leukoencephalomalacia from fumonisins

48
Q

fluphenizine

A

long term sedation, but can cause neuro signs and more aggression

49
Q

Acer negundo

A

box elder, hypoglycin A causes rhabdo and colic

50
Q

Hoary alyssum and black walnut

A

cause laminitis

TOXICOLOGY (3 decks)

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