Q1 Exam 3 Flashcards
Crotalaria and Senecio
rattlebox and tansy ragwort, pyrrolizidine alkaloids inhibit mitosis in liver, more common in cattle/horses
Lantana camara
Lantadene A and B cause intrahepatic cholestasis and GI irritation (sometimes kidney failure)
Moldy legumes infected with asper, penicillium, rhizopus, mucor
alflatoxin B1 blocks RNA polymerase and causes oncogenesis, acute hemorrhage and subacute liver failure
copper toxicity
anemia from sudden copper release from liver, no residual liver damage
arsenic
pentavalent and trivalent inorganic and organic, cause energy deficits (hemorrhagic D) and organic causes degeneration of myelin sheaths in monograstrics, antidote is dimercaprol BAL
urea toxicity
ruminal alkalosis, neuro signs
Ammoniated feed
bovine bonkers imidazoles are convulsants, neuro signs
Solanum nigrum
black nightshade, solanine blocks AChE
Nicotiana
tobacco nicotine also causes teratogens
Ranunculus spp
buttercups, convert ranunculin to protoanemonins, potent GI irritator causes muzzle burn too
Actea rubra
bane berry (red berry), ranunculin too, bitter milk
Helenium, Hymenoxys, Dugaldia spp
bitterweeds and sneezeweeds, sesquiterpene lactones bind sulfhydrals in GI, “spewing sickness”
Melia azedarach
chinaberry, southern states, GI and muscle tremors
Ricinus communis
castor bean (lectins), ricin and ricinine and ricinoleic acid cause hemagglutination and violent purging
oleander, Asclepias, Digitalis
milkweed and foxglove, cardiac glycosides inhibit ATPase in myocardia, heart and GI, avoid fluids with calcium
rhododendron, azalea, laurel
grayanotoxin alters sodium metabolism and produces bradycardia and GI signs
ionophore toxicity
cation transport into cell causes D, tachycardia, tremors (nephro and hepatotoxin in horses too)
Taxus and avocado
yew, taxines block Na/Ca and some schemic myotoxins
acorn/oak
hydrolysable tannins (gallic acid, pyrogallol) directly damage GI, liver, kidneys, and stubby legs in calves, edema
three respiratory toxins
summer grasses (tryptophan), perilla mint, fusarium mold on sweet potatoes
grass, linseed, flax
cyanide binds to ferric ion an retains O in blood, bright red mm, chronic teratogen and cystitis ataxia syndrome, tx with sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate
nitrite, nitrate toxicity
nitrates caustic to GI mucosa and congenital hypothyroidism, nitrites cause methemoglobinemia, tx methylene blue
Astralgus, indigo, and corinilla varia
milk vetch, indigo, and crown vetch, NPOH and NPA hydrolyzed to nitrite, ataxia, cyanosis
bracken fern and rock fern
ptaquiloside depresses bone marrow, chronic bladder tumors, fever and hemorrhage in ruminants, neuro in monograstrics
Melilotus infected with asper or peni
moldy sweet clover, dicoumarin inhibits Vit K epoxide reductase
Brassica
glucosinolates (GI) and S-methyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide (hemolysis), also goitrogenic, diarrhea, rape blindness, hepatic necrosis and gun metal kidneys
gossypol toxicity
monogastrics, binds cell lysine, phospholipids, iron, which damages myocardium, liver, and reduces fertility (heart in calves)
fescue toxicity
summer slump, stims D2 (smooth muscle) and blocks prolactin, ergovaline causes vasoconstriction
Claviceps mold on grains
alkaloids (ergo…)
phytoestrogens
alfalfa, soybeans, clovers, cereal grains cause hypertrophy of vagina and obstructive urolithiasis
pine needles
isocupressic acid obstructs fetal blood flow
Gutierrezia sarothrae
broom snakeweed, saponin causes abortion and retains placentas
carbon monoxide
increase of stillbirths in swine
lupine
quinolizidine alkaloids (anagyrine and sparteine) cause crooked calves
Conium maculatum
poison hemlock, piperidine alkaloids coniine and coniciene nicotinic antagonists, reduced fetal movement
locoweed
astralgus, neuro, emaciation, repro, and heart failure syndromes, neurovisceral vacuoles (lysosomal storage disease), also selenium accumulator (blind staggers)
Delphinium and aconitum
Larkspur and monkshood, delphinine and aconitine block nicotinic neuromuscular junction
organophasphates/carbamates
SLUD/tremors, AChE binding and delayed distal axonopathy, tx 2-PAM or atropine
moldy walnuts and infected grass
tremorgenic mycotoxins cause grass staggers
sulfur toxicity
inhibits cytochrome-c oxidase and affects neuronal ATP production, dullness, black D
Rhizoctonia infects trifolium and alfalfa
slaframine (indolizidine alkaloid) acts parasympathetic, tx atropine
Amaranthus, rumex, sarcobatus, halogeton
pigweed, curly dock, greasewood, salt lover, oxalate causes blood Ca to precipate to calcium oxalate, renal failure possible
Cestrum diurnum
day blooming jasmine, steroid glycoside like Vit D, increase Ca and P causing osteopetrosis and renal dysfunction
Acer nubrum
red maple, gallic acid causes hemolytic anemia, pigment nephropathy
Hypochoreris and marva
false dandelion and mallow cause bilateral stringhalt
Centaurea
yellow star thistle and russion knapweed, nigropallidal encephalomalacia
Fusarium on corn
leukoencephalomalacia from fumonisins
fluphenizine
long term sedation, but can cause neuro signs and more aggression
Acer negundo
box elder, hypoglycin A causes rhabdo and colic
Hoary alyssum and black walnut
cause laminitis
