Q1 Exam 3

Question 1

Crotalaria and Senecio

Answer 1

rattlebox and tansy ragwort, pyrrolizidine alkaloids inhibit mitosis in liver, more common in cattle/horses

Question 2

Lantana camara

Answer 2

Lantadene A and B cause intrahepatic cholestasis and GI irritation (sometimes kidney failure)

Question 3

Moldy legumes infected with asper, penicillium, rhizopus, mucor

Answer 3

alflatoxin B1 blocks RNA polymerase and causes oncogenesis, acute hemorrhage and subacute liver failure

Question 4

copper toxicity

Answer 4

anemia from sudden copper release from liver, no residual liver damage

Question 5

arsenic

Answer 5

pentavalent and trivalent inorganic and organic, cause energy deficits (hemorrhagic D) and organic causes degeneration of myelin sheaths in monograstrics, antidote is dimercaprol BAL

Question 6

urea toxicity

Answer 6

ruminal alkalosis, neuro signs

Question 7

Ammoniated feed

Answer 7

bovine bonkers imidazoles are convulsants, neuro signs

Question 8

Solanum nigrum

Answer 8

black nightshade, solanine blocks AChE

Question 9

Nicotiana

Answer 9

tobacco nicotine also causes teratogens

Question 10

Ranunculus spp

Answer 10

buttercups, convert ranunculin to protoanemonins, potent GI irritator causes muzzle burn too

Question 11

Actea rubra

Answer 11

bane berry (red berry), ranunculin too, bitter milk

Question 12

Helenium, Hymenoxys, Dugaldia spp

Answer 12

bitterweeds and sneezeweeds, sesquiterpene lactones bind sulfhydrals in GI, “spewing sickness”

Question 13

Melia azedarach

Answer 13

chinaberry, southern states, GI and muscle tremors

Question 14

Ricinus communis

Answer 14

castor bean (lectins), ricin and ricinine and ricinoleic acid cause hemagglutination and violent purging

Question 15

oleander, Asclepias, Digitalis

Answer 15

milkweed and foxglove, cardiac glycosides inhibit ATPase in myocardia, heart and GI, avoid fluids with calcium

Question 16

rhododendron, azalea, laurel

Answer 16

grayanotoxin alters sodium metabolism and produces bradycardia and GI signs

Question 17

ionophore toxicity

Answer 17

cation transport into cell causes D, tachycardia, tremors (nephro and hepatotoxin in horses too)

Question 18

Taxus and avocado

Answer 18

yew, taxines block Na/Ca and some schemic myotoxins

Question 19

acorn/oak

Answer 19

hydrolysable tannins (gallic acid, pyrogallol) directly damage GI, liver, kidneys, and stubby legs in calves, edema

Question 20

three respiratory toxins

Answer 20

summer grasses (tryptophan), perilla mint, fusarium mold on sweet potatoes

Question 21

grass, linseed, flax

Answer 21

cyanide binds to ferric ion an retains O in blood, bright red mm, chronic teratogen and cystitis ataxia syndrome, tx with sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate

Question 22

nitrite, nitrate toxicity

Answer 22

nitrates caustic to GI mucosa and congenital hypothyroidism, nitrites cause methemoglobinemia, tx methylene blue

Question 23

Astralgus, indigo, and corinilla varia

Answer 23

milk vetch, indigo, and crown vetch, NPOH and NPA hydrolyzed to nitrite, ataxia, cyanosis

Question 24

bracken fern and rock fern

Answer 24

ptaquiloside depresses bone marrow, chronic bladder tumors, fever and hemorrhage in ruminants, neuro in monograstrics

Question 25

Melilotus infected with asper or peni

Answer 25

moldy sweet clover, dicoumarin inhibits Vit K epoxide reductase

Question 26

Brassica

Answer 26

glucosinolates (GI) and S-methyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide (hemolysis), also goitrogenic, diarrhea, rape blindness, hepatic necrosis and gun metal kidneys

Question 27

gossypol toxicity

Answer 27

monogastrics, binds cell lysine, phospholipids, iron, which damages myocardium, liver, and reduces fertility (heart in calves)

Question 28

fescue toxicity

Answer 28

summer slump, stims D2 (smooth muscle) and blocks prolactin, ergovaline causes vasoconstriction

Question 29

Claviceps mold on grains

Answer 29

alkaloids (ergo...)

Question 30

phytoestrogens

Answer 30

alfalfa, soybeans, clovers, cereal grains cause hypertrophy of vagina and obstructive urolithiasis

Question 31

pine needles

Answer 31

isocupressic acid obstructs fetal blood flow

Question 32

Gutierrezia sarothrae

Answer 32

broom snakeweed, saponin causes abortion and retains placentas

Question 33

carbon monoxide

Answer 33

increase of stillbirths in swine

Question 34

lupine

Answer 34

quinolizidine alkaloids (anagyrine and sparteine) cause crooked calves

Question 35

Conium maculatum

Answer 35

poison hemlock, piperidine alkaloids coniine and coniciene nicotinic antagonists, reduced fetal movement

Question 36

locoweed

Answer 36

astralgus, neuro, emaciation, repro, and heart failure syndromes, neurovisceral vacuoles (lysosomal storage disease), also selenium accumulator (blind staggers)

Question 37

Delphinium and aconitum

Answer 37

Larkspur and monkshood, delphinine and aconitine block nicotinic neuromuscular junction

Question 38

organophasphates/carbamates

Answer 38

SLUD/tremors, AChE binding and delayed distal axonopathy, tx 2-PAM or atropine

Question 39

moldy walnuts and infected grass

Answer 39

tremorgenic mycotoxins cause grass staggers

Question 40

sulfur toxicity

Answer 40

inhibits cytochrome-c oxidase and affects neuronal ATP production, dullness, black D

Question 41

Rhizoctonia infects trifolium and alfalfa

Answer 41

slaframine (indolizidine alkaloid) acts parasympathetic, tx atropine

Question 42

Amaranthus, rumex, sarcobatus, halogeton

Answer 42

pigweed, curly dock, greasewood, salt lover, oxalate causes blood Ca to precipate to calcium oxalate, renal failure possible

Question 43

Cestrum diurnum

Answer 43

day blooming jasmine, steroid glycoside like Vit D, increase Ca and P causing osteopetrosis and renal dysfunction

Question 44

Acer nubrum

Answer 44

red maple, gallic acid causes hemolytic anemia, pigment nephropathy

Question 45

Hypochoreris and marva

Answer 45

false dandelion and mallow cause bilateral stringhalt

Question 46

Centaurea

Answer 46

yellow star thistle and russion knapweed, nigropallidal encephalomalacia

Question 47

Fusarium on corn

Answer 47

leukoencephalomalacia from fumonisins

Question 48

fluphenizine

Answer 48

long term sedation, but can cause neuro signs and more aggression

Question 49

Acer negundo

Answer 49

box elder, hypoglycin A causes rhabdo and colic

Question 50

Hoary alyssum and black walnut

Answer 50

cause laminitis