Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

dose

A

amount to which an individual was exposed

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2
Q

dosage

A

amount of substance that produces an effect in a population

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3
Q

toxicity

A

amount of substance that produces an adverse effect in a population

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4
Q

toxin vs toxicant

A

from living organisms vs human-made

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5
Q

hormesis

A

providing benefits at low levels of exposure, but adverse effects at higher levels

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6
Q

graded dose-response curve

A

individual response to an agent vs dose, sigmoid curve

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7
Q

quantal dose-response curve

A

agent response vs dose for a population, looks more like a standard deviation plot

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8
Q

therapeutic index

A

LD50 / ED50

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9
Q

6 limitations of dose-response curves

A

only from acute exposures, not account for environment or other agents, interspecies differences, toxin form, diet, route of exposure

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10
Q

sweat pore percutaneous absorption

A

lipid soluble agents in sebaceous glands

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11
Q

what limits higher and lower blood gas partition coefficients

A

ventilation and perfusion respectively

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12
Q

phase I vs phase II metabolism reactions

A

phase I: oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis to change molecule (increase polarity?)
phase II: conjugation reactions couple toxic agents to other molecules (most likely to lose toxicity)

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13
Q

three major enzymes that can be induced (microsomal)

A

cytochrome P450s (I) and glucuronidation, glutathione concentration (II)

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14
Q

P450 inducers (6)

A

rifampin, phenobarb, glucocorticoids, tobacco, chronic ethanol, fipronil

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15
Q

P450 inhibitors

A

ketoconazole, macrolides, a-napthoflavone, aminotriazole

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16
Q

fipronil (frontline) increases toxicity of specifically which drug

A

acetaminophen

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17
Q

gene for enzymes that metabolism acetaminophen in cats

18
Q

enzymes dogs lack that may contribute to sulfonamide toxicity

A

NAT1 and NAT2

19
Q

gene for enzymes that metabolism propofol in cats

20
Q

zero order vs first order elimination

A

constant rate (or saturated system), proportion eliminated at a time

21
Q

solid 1% =

22
Q

liquid 1% =

23
Q

1ppm =

A

1 mg/kg = 1 microg/g

24
Q

1 g/ton =

A

1 g / 909 kg

25
things to use in small animal vs exotics for oral decontamination
dairy vs juicy fruit
26
4 contraindications for inducing emesis
sharp, corrosive, depressed/seizing, species cannot vomit
27
cons to using hydrogen peroxide to induce emesis
hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
28
how does apomorphine work
stimulates D2 receptors
29
how does xylazine work in cats
stimulates a2s in the vomiting center
30
kaolin
mixed often with activated charcoal, gastroprotectant and anti-diarrheal
31
ion trapping
idea of keeping molecules ionized to promote elimination (NH4Cl promotes acidification, NaCO3 promotes alkalization
32
pharmacological vs function vs chemical antidotes
directly antagonize, stop effects, binds toxin
33
default tube for collecting toxic blood samples
royal blue cap??
34
crotalid venom heavy hitters
hyaluronidase, proteases, phospholipases, all types of toxins
35
subpopulations of crotalids with neurotoxins
mojave rattlesnake, southern pacific, timber
36
red and yellow touching
DANGER
37
ddx for elapid envenomation
botulism, spider bite, tick paralysis (potent neurotoxin)
38
long chain and short chain polypeptide neurotoxin in scorpion venom
long- locks sodium channels in open position short- blocks potassium channels
39
alpha-latrotoxin
vertabrates, binds to presynaptic terminal causes persistent release of synaptic vesicles, abdominal rigidity without tenderness, black widow
40
sphingomyelinase D
destruction of vertibrate tissue, brown recluse
41
bufotoxins and bufadienolides
cardioactive steroids, inhibit Na/K pump
42
Bufotenins
hallucinogens