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TOXICOLOGY > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

dose

A

amount to which an individual was exposed

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2
Q

dosage

A

amount of substance that produces an effect in a population

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3
Q

toxicity

A

amount of substance that produces an adverse effect in a population

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4
Q

toxin vs toxicant

A

from living organisms vs human-made

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5
Q

hormesis

A

providing benefits at low levels of exposure, but adverse effects at higher levels

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6
Q

graded dose-response curve

A

individual response to an agent vs dose, sigmoid curve

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7
Q

quantal dose-response curve

A

agent response vs dose for a population, looks more like a standard deviation plot

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8
Q

therapeutic index

A

LD50 / ED50

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9
Q

6 limitations of dose-response curves

A

only from acute exposures, not account for environment or other agents, interspecies differences, toxin form, diet, route of exposure

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10
Q

sweat pore percutaneous absorption

A

lipid soluble agents in sebaceous glands

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11
Q

what limits higher and lower blood gas partition coefficients

A

ventilation and perfusion respectively

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12
Q

phase I vs phase II metabolism reactions

A

phase I: oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis to change molecule (increase polarity?)
phase II: conjugation reactions couple toxic agents to other molecules (most likely to lose toxicity)

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13
Q

three major enzymes that can be induced (microsomal)

A

cytochrome P450s (I) and glucuronidation, glutathione concentration (II)

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14
Q

P450 inducers (6)

A

rifampin, phenobarb, glucocorticoids, tobacco, chronic ethanol, fipronil

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15
Q

P450 inhibitors

A

ketoconazole, macrolides, a-napthoflavone, aminotriazole

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16
Q

fipronil (frontline) increases toxicity of specifically which drug

A

acetaminophen

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17
Q

gene for enzymes that metabolism acetaminophen in cats

A

UGT1A6

18
Q

enzymes dogs lack that may contribute to sulfonamide toxicity

A

NAT1 and NAT2

19
Q

gene for enzymes that metabolism propofol in cats

A

UGT1A9

20
Q

zero order vs first order elimination

A

constant rate (or saturated system), proportion eliminated at a time

21
Q

solid 1% =

A

10 mg/g

22
Q

liquid 1% =

A

10 mg/mL

23
Q

1ppm =

A

1 mg/kg = 1 microg/g

24
Q

1 g/ton =

A

1 g / 909 kg

25
Q

things to use in small animal vs exotics for oral decontamination

A

dairy vs juicy fruit

26
Q

4 contraindications for inducing emesis

A

sharp, corrosive, depressed/seizing, species cannot vomit

27
Q

cons to using hydrogen peroxide to induce emesis

A

hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

28
Q

how does apomorphine work

A

stimulates D2 receptors

29
Q

how does xylazine work in cats

A

stimulates a2s in the vomiting center

30
Q

kaolin

A

mixed often with activated charcoal, gastroprotectant and anti-diarrheal

31
Q

ion trapping

A

idea of keeping molecules ionized to promote elimination (NH4Cl promotes acidification, NaCO3 promotes alkalization

32
Q

pharmacological vs function vs chemical antidotes

A

directly antagonize, stop effects, binds toxin

33
Q

default tube for collecting toxic blood samples

A

royal blue cap??

34
Q

crotalid venom heavy hitters

A

hyaluronidase, proteases, phospholipases, all types of toxins

35
Q

subpopulations of crotalids with neurotoxins

A

mojave rattlesnake, southern pacific, timber

36
Q

red and yellow touching

A

DANGER

37
Q

ddx for elapid envenomation

A

botulism, spider bite, tick paralysis (potent neurotoxin)

38
Q

long chain and short chain polypeptide neurotoxin in scorpion venom

A

long- locks sodium channels in open position
short- blocks potassium channels

39
Q

alpha-latrotoxin

A

vertabrates, binds to presynaptic terminal causes persistent release of synaptic vesicles, abdominal rigidity without tenderness, black widow

40
Q

sphingomyelinase D

A

destruction of vertibrate tissue, brown recluse

41
Q

bufotoxins and bufadienolides

A

cardioactive steroids, inhibit Na/K pump

42
Q

Bufotenins

A

hallucinogens

TOXICOLOGY (3 decks)

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