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Pychobiology powerpoint Flashcards

1
Q

Are serotonin levels increased or decreased with depression?

A

decreased

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2
Q

Are serotonin levels increased or decreased with anxiety?

A

increased

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3
Q

Are serotonin levels increased or decreased with schizophrenia?

A

increased

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4
Q

What does serotonin regulate?

A
  1. sleep cycle
  2. arousal
  3. libido
  4. mood
  5. aggression
  6. pain perception
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5
Q

Are dopamine levels increased or decreased with depression?

A

decreased

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6
Q

Are dopamine levels increased or decreased with mania?

A

increased

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7
Q

Are dopamine levels increased or decreased with schizophrenia?

A

increased

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8
Q

Are dopamine levels increased or decreased with Parkinson’s disease?

A

decreased

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9
Q

What does dopamine affect?

A

Affects pleasurable sensations, delusions & hallucinations, & control of complex motor functions

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10
Q

What medications block dopamine from binding to its receptors?

A

antipsychotic medications

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11
Q

What is a catecholamine neurotransmitter of sympathetic nervous system?

A

norepinephrine

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12
Q

what does norepinephrine mediate?

A

emergency response - fight or flight

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13
Q

Are norepinephrine levels increased or decreased with depression?

A

decreased

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14
Q

Are norepinephrine levels increased or decreased with mania?

A

increased

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15
Q

Are norepinephrine levels increased or decreased with anxiety states?

A

increased

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16
Q

Are norepinephrine levels increased or decreased with schizophrenia?

A

increased

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17
Q

Are histamine levels increased or decreased with depression?

A

decreased

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18
Q

What neurotransmitter is associated with first line of defense against bodily injury?

A

histamine

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19
Q

What is GABA?

A

an inhibitory neurotransmitter

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20
Q

What drug increases the effects of GABA?

A

antianxiety

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21
Q

what are decreased levels of GABA associated with? (3 things)

A
  1. anxiety disorders
  2. movement disorders
  3. various forms of epilepsy
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22
Q

What is glutamate?

A

excitatory amino acid

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23
Q

What are 3 functions of glutamate?

A
  1. relay of sensory info
  2. key role in memory functions
  3. regulation of various motor and spinal reflexes
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24
Q

What disease is associated with increased levels of glutamate?

A

Parkinson’s disease

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25
Q

What disease is associated with decreased levels of glutamate?

26
Q

What is acetylcholine?

A

major neurotransmitter of parasympathetic nervous system.

27
Q

What does acetylcholine control?

A
  1. muscles
  2. memory
  3. coordination
  4. sleep and arousal
  5. pain perception
28
Q

What diseases are associated with decreased levels of acetylcholine?

A
  1. Alzheimer’s disease
  2. Huntington’s chorea
  3. Parkinson’s disease
29
Q

What is associated with increased levels of acetylcholine?

A

depression

30
Q

What are endorphins and enkephalins?

A

opioid peptides

31
Q

Where are enkephalins found?

A

in the GI tract

32
Q

What do enkephalins reduce?

A

peristalsis

33
Q

What do endorphins and enkephalins modulate?

A

modulate pain sensation

34
Q

What do endorphins and enkephalins alter the release of?

A

dopamine and affect spontaneous activity of dopaminergic neurons

35
Q

What is the function of substance P?

A

regulation of pain

36
Q

What are decreased levels of substance P associated with?

A

Huntington’s chorea

37
Q

What is the function of somatostatin or growth hormone (inhibiting hormone)?

A
  • inhibits release of norepinephrine

- stimulates release of serotonin, dopamine, & acetylcholine

38
Q

What are increased levels of somatostatin associated with?

A

Huntington’s chorea

39
Q

What are decreased levels of somatostatin associated with?

A

Alzheimer’s disease

40
Q

What is a familial illness where the percentages of family members with the illness is increased compared to those in general population or specific control group?

A

schizophrenia

41
Q

What is a genetic disorder where a specific gene is responsible for individual having the illness?

A

Down’s syndrome

42
Q

What is a type of cytochrome p450 testing?

A

Genotyping for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 variations

43
Q

What is genotyping for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 variations?

A
  1. Uses blood sample
  2. Determines individual’s required dosage of identified psychiatric medications metabolized by the two enzymes
  3. Can be used to help identify patients who may benefit from identified medication
  4. Can identify patient at risk for adverse reaction
44
Q

What are 4 necessary competencies of psychiatryc nurses:

A
  1. Assessment and application of genomic knowledge
  2. Identification of resources and issues for clients
  3. Referral activities
    - genetic counseling
    - use of psychiatric medications during pregnancy)
  4. Provision of education, care, and support
45
Q

How does the hypothalamus impact the endocrine system?

A

influences endocrine functioning in the CNS - direct control over the pituitary gland

46
Q

What structure is hyperactive in depressive disorders?

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

47
Q

What structure is underachieve in depression?

A

thyroid gland

48
Q

Describe the stress response:

A
  1. hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland

2. Pituitary gland directs release of various hormones

49
Q

What is adrenocorticotropin with the PG in a stress response?

A
  1. stimulates the adrenal cortex
  2. release of glucocorticoids
    - increases gluconeogenesis (formation of glucose from amino acids, lactate, & the like)
    -msuppresses immune & inflammatory response
  3. release of mineralcorticoids
    increased retention of sodium & water
50
Q

What is vasopressin with the PG in a stress response? (2)

A
  1. increases blood pressure by constricting blood vessels

2. increases fluid retention

51
Q

What is growth hormone with the PG in a stress response?

A
  1. directly affects protein, carbohydrate, & lipid metabolism
  2. increases serum glucose & free fatty acid levels as a result of altered metabolism
52
Q

What is thyrotropin with the PG in a stress response?

A
  1. stimulates thyroid gland

2. increases basal metabolic rate

53
Q

What are gonadotropins with the PG in a stress response?

A
  1. initially, increased secretion of sex hormones

2. later, suppressed secretion of sex hormones, resulting in decreased libido, frigidity, or impotence

54
Q

How is the immune system suppressed during times of stress>

A

suppressed with result of suppression in lymphocyte proliferation and function

55
Q

What is decreased immunity associated with?

A
  1. grief
  2. bereavement
  3. depression
56
Q

What are immunological abnormalities?

A
  1. alcoholism
  2. autism
  3. dementia
57
Q

What can early physical or psychological abuse cause?

A
  1. can alter brain structure
  2. can affect production of hormones & neurotransmitters
  3. can be related to symptoms of mental illness in later life
58
Q

What structure becomes smaller with early abuse?

A

hippocampus

59
Q

What can early abuse permanently increase?

A

gene expression for corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)

60
Q

What does the kindling model propose?

A

Proposes that repeated environmental stimuli lead to progressively greater neural responsiveness

61
Q

What does it lead to?

A

brain excitability

62
Q

What does the kindling model model lead to?

A

changes in behavioral responses over time.

  • less stimulus required to trigger response
  • may take more recovery time
  • may lead to less time between responses
  • response may be of higher magnitude

Nurs471 (3 decks)

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