PY. Ch.13 Flashcards
is an initial evaluation of whether an event is (1) irrelevant to you;
(2) relevant, but not threatening; or (3) stressful.
Primary appraisal
when you view an event as stressful, you are likely to make a …….. which is an evaluation of your coping resources and options for dealing with the stress. (
secondary appraisal
A type of stress experienced whenever the pursuit of some goal is thwarted/blocked, which can often lead to aggression
fustration
A type of stress that occurs when two or more incompatible motivations or behavioral impulses compete for expression
Conflict
Any substantial alterations in one’s living circumstances that require readjustment
Life changes
Any substantial alterations in one’s living circumstances that require readjustment
Life changes
Expectations or demands that one behave in a certain way
Pressure
A person is torn between two positive goals to choose from(ex. choosing between pizza or spaghetti)
Approach-Approach
Person is torn between two negative goals to choose from(ex. Painful backache or Surgery)
Avoidance-avoidance
Person has only
one goal to
consider, but it
has both positive
and negative
aspects.(ex Date an attractive person but also there is rejection)
Approach-avoidance
holds that physical illness is caused by a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.
Biopsychosocial model
is any circumstance that threatens or is perceived to threaten one’s well-being and burden one’s coping abilities.
stress
- Routine hassles can have significant harmful effects on health.
- Stress is cumulative and collectively can create great strain.
- Research shows that lots of little daily stresses can add up to a large collective strain and impact health negatively.
Stress as an everyday event
Holmes and Rahe believed that adjusting to what that causes some degree of stress?
major life changes
measures the magnitude of the stress, and those scores have been correlated with illness, showing that those with higher scores are more vulnerable to physical illness and psychological problems.
Social Readjustment Rating Scale
A potentially stressful event, such as a major exam, elicits a subjective appraisal of how threatening the event is. If the event is viewed with alarm, the stress can trigger emotional, physiological, and behavioral reactions because people’s response to stress is multidimensional.
Overview of the stress process
one major cause of heart
disease.
The blockage of
arteries that supply blood to the
heart
Immune response – The body’s
defensive reaction to invasion by
bacteria, viral agents, or other
foreign substances. Some studies
have related stress to suppressed
immune activity in humans, thus
causing the body to become more
vulnerable to illness.
Stress does suppress the
immune system
???? IN ORDER TO INCREASE OR
REPLENISH THE NUMBER OF NATURAL KILLER CELLS IN THE
BODY.
WE NEED SUFFICIENT SLEEP
- Alarm phase
- Resistance phase/ex. if your job is being threatened you cut vacation days and work longer days
3.Exhaustion phase/ex. can cause illness or collapsing
Biological Stress Response
Active efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress
Constructive coping
Passive behavior produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events(ex. giving up and blaming oneself)
Learned helplessness
Any behavior that is intended to hurt someone, either physically or verbally – Research shows that aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors that involve Frustration. (Ex. striking out at others)
Aggression
The release of emotional tension-crying
Catharsis
- Stress sometimes leads to reduced impulse control,(ex.Internet addiction.
- Excessive gaming
- Preoccupation with sexual content
- Obsessive socializing (Instagram, Snapchat, FaceBook, TikTok, Twitter, YouTube, etc.)
Self-Indulgence
Largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions, such as anxiety and guilt. Self-deception distorts reality so it seems less threatening.
Defensive Coping/ Mechanisms
– Various types of aid and
emotional sustenance provided by
members of one’s social networks can
make a huge impact on a person’s belief
that they can overcome obstacles and are
not alone in their struggles, which can be
comforting and encouraging.
* The favorable effects of social support are
strong enough to have an impact on
mortality, increasing people’s odds of
survival by roughly 50%.
Social Support
one of the Big Five
personality traits, is associated with good
physical health and increased longevity.
People who score high on this trait tend to
take better care of themselves physically
and psychologically.
Conscientiousness
Positive Emotions promote resilience by:
Altering people’s mindsets, broadening their scope of
attention and increasing their creativity and flexibility
in problem solving.
* Undoing lingering effects of negative emotions, thus
short-circuiting the potentially damaging physiological
responses to stress.
* Promoting rewarding social interactions that help to
build valuable social support and enhanced coping
strategies.
* A positive emotional style has many health benefits.
means we try to decrease stress by solving
the problem through seeking information,
changing our own behavior, taking
whatever action is needed to resolve the
difficulty
Problem Focused
Problem focused meaning the situation is?
Controllable
feel they have some control
over their stress and tend to use Problem
focused coping.
Optimists
means we do things primarily to deal with
our emotional distress like seeking support
and sympathy, avoiding or denying the
situation
Emotion focused
Emotion focused meaning the situation is?
uncontrollable
expect bad things to happen,
feel that they are not in control, and tend
to use Emotion focused coping.
Pessimists
Behavior characteristics including
intense ambition, competition, exaggerated time urgency,
and a cynical, hostile outlook. what type of personality?
Type A
Behavior characteristics consistent
with a calm, patient, relaxed attitude. These people have a
slower more laid-back approach to living. what type of personality?
Type B
Resilient personality trait that shows a
strong commitment to personal goals, control over life, and
viewing change as a challenge rather than a threat.
Hardiness
Hardiness is a what type of behavior?
Learned
Another method of coping with Stress for some is Smoking cigarettes.
This is one of the most dangerous coping mechanisms due to the increase in risk for
Lung Cancer. Below are the many health benefits for those who replace this unhealthy
style of coping with more healthy ways of coping.
Unhealthy coping
People who report more symptoms of illness of how much anxiety? (Example: Roommates Tom and Steve each wake up with a headache, upset stomach, and muscle stiffness. While Tom showers and gets ready for his 8:00am Psychology class, Steve rushes off to the University Health Clinic. Steve is exhibiting higher levels of Anxiety and higher levels of Neuroticism (worry) than Tom.)
High in Anxiety
Pennebaker and his colleagues have shown that talking or writing about traumatic events can have beneficial effects. ………. about trauma might also be helpful because it allows the victims to reprocess their experience from a safe place, enabling them to experience a type of mastery and control over their traumatic memories.
Writing
One’s risk of developing heart
disease is related to the
amount of stress in one’s life,
whether one has Type A
personality, is depressed, is
obese, or smokes cigarettes.
This partial list of risk factors
reflects the unifying theme in
Psychology that behavior is
determined by multiple
causes.
