PY. Ch.11 Flashcards
Research in behavioral genetics has shown that the family environment shared by children growing up together has
little impact on personality.
About what percentage of your personality traits come from inherited genes?
40%
Personality traits such as Leadership, traditionalism, and obedience to authority have been found to be mostly determined by heredity
(60-75%)
The need to achieve, including ambition, and an inclination to work hard towards goals is genetically influenced, but more than half of this trait seems to be determined by
life experience
I enjoy social gatherings/outings with friends, and she enjoys more time at home with just her husband, she doesn’t go out much and is quite content to just stay home and watch TV all weekend which depends on situations
personality
Prone to anxiety, worry, guilt, impulsivity, and emotional instability is high or low in what? Have a more negative outlook on life
high in Neuroticism
versus
relaxed, calm, secure, and emotionally stable high or low in what?
low in Neuroticism
Outgoing, friendly, enthusiastic, fun-loving/People high in extroversion have a positive outlook on life
high in extroversion
solitary, shy, serious,
reserved
low in extroversion
Imaginative, curious, intellectual, open to nontraditional values
high in openess
conforming, practical, conventional (likes doing things the same way always
done, very traditional)
low in openness
Sensitive, warm, tolerant, easy to get along with, concerned with other’s
feelings and needs
high in Agreeableness
cold, suspicious, hostile, or callous
low in agreeableness
Reliable, responsible, self-disciplined, ethical, hard working, ambitious
high in Conscientiousness
disorganized, unreliable, lax, impulsive, careless
low in conscientiousness
Freud believed our personalities
were shaped by our childhood
experiences. He also believed that if
a child’s needs are not met or are
overindulged at one particular
psychosexual stage, that the child
may become
fixated
under stress, individuals supposedly
may return (or …… to a stage at
which earlier needs were frustrated
or overly gratified.
regress
behaviors such as
smoking, alcohol use, nail
biting; dependency; passivity;
pessimism
oral
Genital
anxiety derived from severe
toilet training could evolve into
anxiety about sexual activities
later in life.
Anal
Homosexuality; resentment
of authority figures in men;
unresolved penis envy in women
Phallic
None (focus on play and
school activities)
Latency
Return of sexual interests
expressed in mature
sexual relationships
Genital
thoughts and feelings
conscious
memories and knowledge
preconscious
unattractive motives, fears, immoral, selfish needs, unpleasant experiences, undesirable urges
unconscious
pleasure principle seeks immediate gratification
without regard to social rules or customs)
Id
reality principle (delays gratification of the
id’s impulses until it is appropriate) rules and the law you learned
Ego
morality principle (guilt if rules are
violated)
Superego
serve to prevent the
awareness of threatening thoughts. The ego’s protective method of
reducing anxiety by distorting
reality and creating self-deception
Defense Mechanisms
the egos protective method of reducing anxiety
by distorting
reality and creating self-deception
Defense Mechanisms Used excessively, defense
mechanisms can be dangerous
because they
they distort reality.
A person remains unaware of harboring hateful
or destructive impulses toward others
Repression
Under stress, a college student starts biting his nails or
becomes totally dependent on others
Regression
A worker slams a door after his boss chews
him out
Displacement
A person who nearly chokes someone to death acts
afterward like it was “no big deal”
Denial
A sexually frustrated person goes on a personal crusade
to stamp out pornography
Reaction formation
When asked why she continues to smoke, a woman
says, “Cancer doesn’t run in my family”
Rationalization
A sexually inhibited person misinterprets
other people’s friendly approaches as
sexual advances
Projection
A person channels aggressive impulses into competitive
sports
Sublimation
he also proposed that the entire human race shares a collective unconscious, which exists in the deepest reaches of everyone’s awareness.
Carl Jung’s vision of the collective unconscious
He saw the collective unconscious as a storehouse of hidden ancestral memories, called
Archetypes
which are feelings of inferiority developed
from early childhood experiences of helplessness and
incompetence and how it is related to an individual’s drive for superiority.
inferiority complex
Analytical Psychology) distinguished between the
personal unconscious and the collective unconscious, which is
a repository of accumulated ideas and images that is shared
among all humans. He emphasized the importance of
archetypes, such as the image of the young warrior that is so
common in folklore and even contemporary movies. He also
recognized Introversion/Extroversion.
Carl Jung
(Individual Psychology) wrote about the
inferiority complex, which are feelings of inferiority developed
from early childhood experiences of helplessness and
incompetence and how it is related to an individual’s drive for
superiority. He believed all children have feelings of inferiority
and that our personality organizes goal seeking behaviors with
the primary motivation in life to overcome these feelings of
Inferiority. Our feelings of inferiority lead to a desire to
compensate with our behaviors and overcome those feelings.
Alfred Alder
I think my experiences align because I’ve been a good person
(Congruence)
A person that views themselves a negative in life
incongruence(poorly adjusted behavior)
Love and acceptance with no conditions
Important for healthy and full development
Behavior and value of a person are separate
Roger’s believed you should separate the evaluation of a person from his or her bad behavior, that shows UPR.
Maladjustment is the result of incongruence between self-concept and life experiences.
Our self esteem is a function of how closely we come to matching our self ideals (our sense of who and what we should be).
Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR)
So why are so many people unhappy?
Carl Roger’s says it is because we have both a real self and an ideal self, and they are often in conflict. In some cases, the hopes and wishes of one’s ideal self
Defense Mechanisms Used excessively, defense
mechanisms can be dangerous
because they
they distort reality.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
lower needs need to be met first/ Physiological, safety, love and and belongingness, esteem, self-actualization
What type of twins have higher correlation in personality?
Identical or more alike than fraternal and that means personality is partly inherited
Different cultures unique to their selves and want themselves to achieve
individualistic
Connected to the group and want others to succeed and respect to elders
collectivist
