PY. Ch.10 Flashcards
Development is
measured in three
main domains of
interest:
Biological or
Physical
Development,
Cognitive
Development, and
Socioemotional
Development.
The fertilization of the female egg by the male sperm
Conception
First stage of prenatal development, which begins with ovulation, conception, and implantation in the uterus (the first two weeks)
Germinal Period
What is the baby called in the Germinal Period?
Zygote
After implantation through the eighth week
Embryonic Period
What is the baby called in the Embryonic Period?
Embryo
*From eight weeks to birth
*Increased growth and “fine detailing”
Fetal Period
What is the baby called in the Fetal stage?
Fetus
How many and what months are critical during pregnancy?
The First Three Months
such as
alcohol and nicotine, are environmental agents that can cross the placental barrier and cause damage during prenatal development.
Teratogens
is a combination of birth defects from
maternal alcohol abuse.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
use during pregnancy is most associated with premature birth, low birth weight infants, and fetal death. Smoking increases the risk in the offspring for reduced attention span and learning and behavioral problems.
Nicotine
Average American newborn is ?inches long and weighs ?pounds.
20 inches & 7½ lbs
Infants usually double their birth weight by the age of four months and nearly about what in a year?
triple their birth weight by the age of one year.
At birth, the brain weighs about 25% of its adult weight
* By 2 years, the brain is
75% of its adult weight
Period of psychological development between childhood and adulthood
Adolescence
Biological changes during adolescence that lead to an adult sized body and sexual maturity
Puberty
- Lasts for 2 to 3 years with Rapid increases in height, weight, and skeletal growth
- Changes in reproductive structures and sex characteristics
- Boys tend to benefit from early maturation while girls tend to benefit from late maturation
Growth spurt during Adolescence:
Cessation of menstruation
Decreased estrogen production
Does NOT cause mood swings, loss of
sexual interest, or depression but for
some there are some losses
Many report relief
Menopause (45-55)
Gradual decline in testosterone and
sperm production
Can reproduce into their 80s or 90s
May have weight gain, graying or loss
of hair, decreased sexual response
and muscle strength
Male climacteric
Peak physical performance typically occurs between
19 and 26
believed humans progress through four distinct stages of cognitive development
* Learning in 1 period enables progress to next
* Each marked by different abilities, ways of thinking
* Concept of cognitive disequilibrium
Piaget’s Cognitive Theory
you hide an object under a blanket and a child tries to find it. is an example of what operation?
Stage 1 Sensorimotor with development of object permanence
A child drawing people or objects from their own life but understanding they are only representations or playing pretend. is an example of what operation?
Stage 2 Preoperational symbolic thought with irreversibility, Egocentrism, Centration
Children understand logical reasoning is an example of what operation?
Concrete Operational
* Decentration, Reversibility, Conservation
If Kelly is taller than Ali and Ali is taller than Jo, who is the tallest? is an example of what operation?
Formal Operational
* Abstraction, Hypothetical thinking
That is, the infant will become
very upset when the adult they rely on leaves them
for extended times.
separation anxiety.
Infants will try hard to
maintain the presence of their primary caregiver—
they will crawl up to her, climb on her, follow her
around. They use her as a
secure base
Infants play and
explore comfortably with their mother
present, become visibly upset when she
leaves, and are quickly calmed by her return.
Secure attachment
(resistant attachment) – Infants appear
anxious even when their mothers are near
and protest excessively when she leave, but
are not particularly comforted when she
returns.
Anxious-ambivalent attachment
Infants seek little
contact with their mothers and often are not
distressed when she leaves.
Avoidant attachment
Parent is sensitive and responsive to child
secure
Parent is is inconsistent and often responsive (depressed)
Resistant
Parent is rejecting unresponsive or intrusive-overly simulating
Avoidant
A parent that has a disorganized or disoriented child
frightened and frightening
*Children’s cognitive development is fueled by
social interactions with parents, teachers, and
older children who can provide invaluable
guidance.
*Language acquisition plays a crucial role in
fostering cognitive development.
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural
Theory
Upper Limit assistance and lower level child can do tasks by themselves
Zone of Proximal Development
A child uses what for their goals and strategies and as they grow older it develops it becomes a normal verbal dialogue
Private speech
obedience to authority and avoidance of that punishment building a moral compass
Punishment-obedience orientation
exchange of perspectives
Instrumental-exchange orientation
approved by others and intent of others
Good-Child Orientation
understanding laws and rules of society
Law-and-order
like voting appreciate the laws and are obeyed because of social contract and that
social contact orientation
what is our own right what is our own truth what is right in their own mind
universal-ethics orientation
birth to adolescence punishment and obedience / instrumental exchange
Preconventional level
adolescence and young adulthood
Conventional level
adulthood
Postconventional Level
Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
Eight Developmental periods during which an individual’s primary goal is to
primary goal is to satisfy desires associated with social needs
The most attractive aspect of Erikson’s theory is that
he sees development as continuing throughout life, with many opportunities for reworking and rebuilding personality traits.
Trust v Mistrust(can I trust others?)
(Birth-age 1)hope
(independence)Autonomy v shame and Doubt(Can I act on my own)
(ages 1-3)will
Initiative v. guilt (Can I carry out my plans successfully?)
(ages 3-6)purpose
Industry v. Inferiority(Am I competent compared to others?)
(Ages 6-12)competence
Identity v. role confusion (Who am I and where am I going?)
(ages 12-20)fidelity
Intimacy v isolation (Am I ready for a committed relationship?)
early adulthood(20-40)love
Generativity v. Self-Absorption(Have I given something to future generations?)
middle adulthood(40-65)care
Ego integrity v. despair(Has my life been meaningful?)
late adulthood(65+)Wisdom
“I haven’t really thought much about religion, and I guess I don’t know what I believe exactly.”
Diffusion Status( no commitment mad no crisis experienced)
“My parents are Baptist and I’m a Baptist; it’s just the way I grew up.”
Foreclosure Status (no crisis but commitment)
“I’m in the middle of evaluating my beliefs and hope that I’ll be able to figure out what’s right for me. I have been taught and I am looking into other faiths for answers.”
Moratorium Status (crisis but not commitment)
“I really did some soul-searching about my religion and other religions, too, and finally know what I don’t”
Identity Achievement Status(Crisis and commitment made)
Person denies or refuses to believe
that death is really going to take place – may insist that lab results
are wrong, and they need a 2nd or 3rd opinion
Denial and isolation
Person recognizes that denial can no longer be
maintained, and they are angry at their fate
Anger
Person develops the hope that death can be
postponed or delayed through promises to change life choices
Bargaining
Dying person comes to realize the certainty of
death and a sense of loss over leaving loved ones
Depression
Person develops a sense of peace, an acceptance
of one’s fate, and in many cases, a desire to be left alone
Acceptance
