PVD Flashcards
What is the normal GFR?
90-120
What is the normal CRP and what is indicated with elevation?
<3; inflammation
What is the normal homocysteine level?
<15
Sodium restriction
<2400mg but 1500 is ideal
How do diuretics work to decrease blood pressure?
They cause volume depletion, sodium excretion, and vasodilation of peripheral arterioles.
Side effect of thiazides
Decreased libido in men
What are three examples of diuretics?
Hydrochlorothiazide
Furosemide
Spironolactone
How do calcium channel blockers work to decrease Bp?
Interfere with the movement of calcium ions across the membrane, slow the rate of contraction of the heart, and relax the smooth muscle of blood vessels resulting in vasodilation.
What are 4 calcium channel blockers?
Amlodipine (grapefruit safe)
Diliazem
Nifedipine
Verapamil
What are 3 examples of ACE inhibitors?
Benazepril
Captopril
Enalapril
What are 2 angiotensin 2 receptor blockers?
Losartan
Valsartan
What is a precaution of angiotensin 2 receptor blockers?
Avoid foods high in K
What is an example of an aldosterone receptor agonist? What are side effects or precautions?
Eplerenone
Do not take with grapefruit juice or St. John’s wart.
Can cause low sodium and high potassium
What do beta adrenergic blockers do?
Inhibit cardiac response to sympathetic nerve stimulation by blocking beta receptors thus reducing heart rate, cardiac output, and Bp.
Also inhibit the release of renin
What are three beta blockers?
Propranolol
Metoprolol
Atenolol
What are some precautions with beta blockers?
Orthostatic hypotension
Fatigue, depression, and sexual dysfunction
Caution in diabetics
How do central alpha agonists work?
Stimulate receptors in brain stem resulting in reduced sympathetic outflow for CNS with a decrease in HR and peripheral vascular resistance. Very fast
What is an example of a central alpha agonist?
Clonidine
How do alpha adrenergic agents work?
Dilate the arterioles and veins. Works quickly
What are two examples of alpha adrenergic agonists?
Prazosin
Doxazosin
What is a side effect of ACE inhibitors?
Orthostatic hypotension
Inflow disease
Affects the lower back, buttocks, or thighs (distal aorta and iliac arteries)
Outflow disease
Causes cramping in the calves, ankles, and feet. More tissue damage. (Femoral and popliteal arteries)
Which position helps PAD?
Dangle feet
What would an arterial ulcer look like?
Even edges
Defined
Black toes
Thick nails
What would a venous ulcer look like?
Beefy red
More surface area
Ankle area
How do you assess an ABI?
Divide the ankle Bp by the brachial Bp.
If difference is less than 0.9 they have PAD
What is a normal PT?
11-13.5
What is a normal INR?
0.8-1.1
What are some antiplatelet aggregating agents? 3
Plavix
Trental
ASA
What is a precaution for plavix?
No grapefruit
What are signs and symptoms of hypovolemic shock? (4)
Decrease Bp
Increase pulse
Doom
Distinction
What is the main concern of artherectomy?
Emboli
What are the six P’s of PAD?
Pain Pallor Pulselessness Parasthesia Paralysis Poikilothermia
Virchows triad
Cause thrombus
Stasis of blood
Endothelial injury
Hypercoagulability
Antidote for heparin
Protamine sulfate
Antidote for warfarin
Vitamin K
What is the normal ptt?
25-35 sec
What is the position for PVD?
Elevate legs
Normal cholesterol
Less than 200
HDL
Greater than it equal to 45
LDL
Less than 130
Normal triglycerides
Less than or equal to 160 in men
Less than 135 in women
What could an increased homocysteine level mean?
Plaque buildup
What are 3 bile acid binding resins to treat high cholesterol?
Cholestyramine
Colestipol
Colesevalem
What should you monitor with Questran or cholestyramine?
Constipation
What is a side effect of Niacin for cholesterol?
Hot flashes
What is a precaution of the statins for cholesterol?
Do not give to liver patient
Interacts with warfarin
Increases liver enzymes
What is considered HTN in people over 60?
150/90
What is considered HTN for people under 60?
140/90
