Final Flashcards
PaO2
80-100
PaCO2
35-45
HCO3
21-28
Which buffers are fast acting?
Chemical
What are protein buffers?
Albumin and globulins and hemoglobin
How do you treat metabolic acidosis?
Fix the acidosis with antiemetics and antidiarrheals. Hydration because water binds with CO2 to make bicarbonate. Fix hyperkalemia.
Only give bicarbonate if levels are low
How do you treat respiratory acidosis?
Oxygen. High fowlers and breathing techniques Bronchodilators Ventilator support Hypoventilation
Who is at risk for metabolic acidosis?
Diabetics Shock Sepsis Diarrhea Renal failure ASA overdose
Who is at risk for respiratory acidosis?
Drug overdose Airway obstruction COPD Chest trauma Pulmonary edema
Who is at risk for respiratory alkalosis?
Hyperventilation Anxiety High altitude Pregnancy Fever Hypoxia Initial pulmonary embolism
Who is at risk for metabolic alkalosis?
Loss of gastric juices
Potassium wasting diuretics
Overuse antacids
Vomiting
Interventions for alkalosis
Antiemetic
Fluids
Stop diuretics
Check lytes
Signs of diabetic ketoacidosis
Fruity breath Thirst Polyuria N/V Abdominal pain Weakness and fatigue SOB confusion
Ideal osmolarity
300 but range is 270-300
Filtration
Water moves from high concentrations to low concentrations through hydrostatic pressure
Diffusion
The movement of diluted from high concentration to low concentration with natural flow such as glucose and insulin
Osmosis
Movement of water through membrane to balance solute concentration
Normal urine output
60ml/hr
Renin angiotensin aldosterone system
Renin is released and triggers angiotensin 1 to convert into angiotensin 2 by ACE which then causes BV and BP to increase by constricting vessels to kidneys. Aldosterone is secreted which causes the kidneys to retain sodium and water
Sodium
135-145
Hematocrit
37-47
BUN
7-20
Urine specific gravity
1.010-1.025
