Puritans Flashcards
how spent aggggges discussing wether or not the term puritan was useful >
Patrick Collinson
three things that make up puritan theology
Justification
Sanctification
Predestination
what os Justification
original sin condems all humanity to damnation salvation is the free unmerited gift of god
what is sanctification
good works are the fruit not the cause of our salvation
- love of gods works is a sign of election
- the elect grow in holiness throughout their lives
- they may also grow to a state of assurance about their salvation
luther’s view of predestination
god has chosen who will be saved
Calvins view of election
God has two decrees, one is election, one is reprobation (teaches that some of mankind (the elect) are predestined by God for salvation, and the remainder, the reprobate, are left bound to their fallen sin nature to be condemned to damnation in the lake of fire)
what do english puritans believe
that it is possible to gain knowledge of your elect status
what does the 1618-19 dutch synod of dort discuss conclude
T=total depravity U=Unconditional election L= limited atonement I= irresistable grace P= preservation of the saints
R.T.Kendals description of puritans
‘experimantal calvinists’
Dixon’s description of puritans
‘practical predestenarians’
puritan good works
-based on 10 commandments
puritan emphasus
- importance of the sabbath
- preaching and the sacrements
- prayer bible reading and meditatin
- goly association
which Elizabethand contemporary described the elizabethan church as ‘a church but hafly reformed’
William fuller in ‘Booke to the Queene’
why were puritan standards so high
Many puritans had experienced fully reformed churches in continental exile
why did puritans think the church was ‘but hafly reformed’
- the Elizabethan Church retains cathedrals, vestments, bishops, church courts, canon law, ect.
- Elizabeth is also determined to maintain the status quo
- Liturgy and church governance become hot issues
what does adiaphora mean
- Greek word meaning ;things indifferent
- grey area, things neither prescribed nor proscribed by scripture
- debates rise about which authority is greater, the authority of the church or scripture
when was the vestiarian controversy
1566
what happened in the vestiarian contrversy
- former exiles refues to wear vestments
- re run of edwardian Hooper Ridley controversy
- Archbishop Mathew Parker lacked support from queen and council
- fourced some radicals into open and covert opposition
when was the admonition controversy
1572
when was the Marprelate controversy
1588-9
what caused the admonition controversy
- Admonition to Parliament,Puritan manifesto, published in 1572 and written by the London clergymen John Field and Thomas Wilcox, that demanded that Queen Elizabeth I restore the purityof New Testament worship in the Church of England and eliminate the remaining Roman Catholic elements and practices from the Church of England
- admonition advocated greater direct reliance on the authority of the Scriptures
- The Queen, however, resisted this document. The authors were imprisoned and the leader of the Presbyterians, Thomas Cartwright, was forced to flee England after publishing A Second Admonition to Parliament in support of the first.
- clergy who refused to conform to the compulsory form of worship that had been promulgated by Elizabeth in 1559 (as the Act of Uniformity) lost their pulpits or were imprisoned.
reasons why a more tentative return to Protestantism ..
1) people less likely to believe that change was for certian
2) resiliance of marys catholic teaching
what di denglish goverment do in the face of catholic rebeliousness ?
1) all clergymen required to sign up to 39 articles
2) all layity were required to take communion according to the rite of the ook of common prayer
3 became treasonable offence to say that the queen was a heretic
why did subscription to book of common prayer cause problems for puritans ?
-had long accepted with its deficiencied because it encouraged the peace and unity of the church … but when required to subscribe secided should probs point of ‘popery’ in book
what did Thomas Cartwright have to say about the episcopal order of the church?
there should be 4 orders of ministers . teaching elders, ruling elders, deacons and theological professors. no minister was to be above anyother minister
what was the marprelate controversy ?
as a war of pamphlets waged in England and Wales in 1588 and 1589, between a puritan writer who employed the pseudonym Martin Marprelate, and defenders of the Established Church.
when was the marprelate controversy
1588-1589
what were the first two tracts published by Marprelate ?
The Epistle (1588) The epitome (1588)
READERSHIP OF mARPRELATE TRACTS
- Distribution covered the whole country and was cheap–Pamphlets were sold out of homes or under the counter
- Some copies may have made it to the continent
who wrote ‘the golden chain’
William Perkins
what was the golden chain
a text on puritan practical divinity, a way of workign out wether one was part of the elect or not
what does the golden chain contain ?
an ‘ordo solutis diagram’ … which was an occular Catechism ahowign the cheif points of religion and the order of them
- it displays the puritian notion of predestination and the status standing of the elect and reprobate in the populace
interesting factois about Perkins golden chain
writes 6000 words on the commandment ‘though shalt not kill’
When was Thomas Watsons ‘The godly mans picture’ written ?
1666
what was the purpose of Thomas Watsons ‘The godly Mans Picture’ ?
- provide a description of the prefect godly person
- discusses in detal in 144 pages the traits of a godly man.
- could hel one determin wether or not he also had these traits
example from the T.W’s the godly mans picture
‘SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF A MAN WHO IS GOING TO HEVAN’
Man of knowledge, moved by faith, careful about worship of god, serves god not men, loves the world, man of humility , man of prayer
when was phillip stubbs anatomy of abuses published ?
1583
what was philip stubbs anatomy of abuses ?
a virulent attack manners, customs, amusements and fashions of the period including the theatre, gambling, alcohol and fashion, and is still valuable for its copious information on the cultural attitudes of the time
who was Nehemiah Wallington
wood turner form a humbel background … not weathly
why is Nehemiah Wallington important
because he left 50 note books ‘record of the miracles of gods mercies’, in which he struggles with he constant reflection on whether or not he is a member of the elect. contemplates suicide on numerous occasions. however towards end it becomes apparent that he is becoming convinced of his elect status
what are some of the things that Wallington records hims self doing in order to determin his status as a mamber of the reprobate or the elect
- makes lists of sins and virtues
- attempts sin jar
- constantly refrencing against 10 commandments
who wrote ‘book of rememberance after her sisters death in 1638
Elizabeth Isham
why is isham’s account important
-choice to examine herself in writing. discusses her depression and suicide attempts and wether she is elect or not .. similar to nehemiah wallington
why was there controverys over the 1572 chester witsun plays ?
-Annoyed that parts embellished for play purposes, no longer true to scripture,
-angered by the fact that the angels sung a lewd and merry song
-Point 19 states that Christ promises bliss for good works . . . . and point 20 that peter is said to create Matthias an apostle bot reminiscent of catholic faith and also incorrect there are 12 apostles not 1 -
Finally it affirms purgatory and features the devil . purgatory is catholic sentiment . and uncomfortable with representation of the devil,,,, could potentiall be seen as iconoclastic.
Who writes to the archbishop of york, asking to put a stop to the witsun plays
Christopher Goodman and Robert Rogerson
what else did christopher Goodman write in 1572 that lists the offences in the Chester plays
Notes of absurdities in the Chester plays
when did the word puritan initially start beign used ?
c. 156, initiall used as an insult
fact that puritans loved reading and writing shows what ?
that they were most likely to be middle class educated people
what did puritans refer to themselves as ?
‘the godly’ ‘true gospellers’ ‘the elect’
what kind of a movment was puritanism
it was never seen as an independent movment, instead it was reactionary, it difined itself against what it did not like
how did christopher hill describe the term puritan
dragon in the path of every student of this period
how does kenneth parker describe uritanism ?
Puritanism was above all else a biblical movement
how does leyland Ryken describe puritan
‘Puritans had to be self-disciplined. The motivation behind this practical faith was the fundamental devotional quality in the Christian life: communion with god’
why is the term Puritan seen as a difficult term ?
because sliding scale of people with diffrent opinions, not ingherently diffrent from protestants but have slightly more intense beliefs
1) puritans didnt like the term themselves
2) movment never really existed as independednt freestanding movment
puritans and their notion of comunal spirit
- no activity should distract from god
- many innocent activities had the potential to become corrupted
- association with catholic was condemned
- like group puritan activities eg. conversation and group readings
puritan paradox ??
that puritans loved sermons .. loved to hear them being read and preached, believed that actually a connection to god . would feel very short changed if preacher just red from the book of homolies
puritans and tunes ?
no music, apart from psalms sung slowley as metric hymsns
puritans and the jive
NO NO NO NO .. the hate this shit, similar to how much they hate the theatre… one contemporary even suggested that the act of dancing was actually causing the dancer to break all 10 of the comandments
who wrote the essential reading text on the ‘Puritan Ethos’
CHRISTOPHER DURSTON AND JACQUELINE EALES
what d C.D and J.E. suggest puritans were in the forst 30 years of elizabeths reign
hose most commonly involved in the political campaign being waged in the pulpit, press and parliament to bring about further reformation
name three puritan radicals at forfront of calls form reform
thomas cartwright
walter travers
John Field
how did John Gee a 17c. comentator describe the puritan lifestyle
as ‘a lifestyle distinguished by prayer’
when did puritans take part in the social experience of fasting
in bad times eg. plague/ armada .. (when protestants did too) however alos did more frequently and as a form of thanskgiving and worship
other social things puritans took part in
- gadding, journeying to hear preachers
- ritual humiliation, for those who upset the patriachal order
what was a puritan familly representative of ?
a little church ?
who wrote a book on englands culture wars ?
Bernard Capp
when does Bernard Capps debate about the decline of fun begiN ?
our period, watershed Patrick Collison argues is the 1580s
what were the culture wars ?
church vs. local traditional parctices
what is Patrick Collisions uniue definition of iconoclasm ?
critical but creative attack on images retaining the acceptable use of them for theor own advantages
what is the dictionary definition of iconoclasm ?
image breaking
describe iconoclasm at the begining of the reformation
- did not lokie images of saints, or the virgin mary
- but used images in attacks against the popo and catholicism eg. in the image of the ‘pope as the whore of babylon’
what is Patrick collisons definition of iconophobia
began around the 1580 watershed and was the rejection of any kind of imagery Ballad, Drama, song or play
what are the four main sections where can be seen in the culture of ‘merry england’ during the watershed ?
iMAGES,
PLAYS
BALLADS
PICTORAL ART
what was dram initially seen as
the preserve of the catholic church
what play write wrote protestant popergandist plays ?
John Bale
name 3 of john bales plays
1) the three laws of nature
2) Moses and christ
3) Pharisees and Paypists most wicked (was a morality play)
what was published in 1583
Philip stubbs anatomie of abuses
what did Stubbs argue about plays ?
that they were idolatrous and unclean
what else did phillp stubbes attack ?
dancing, gambling, alehouses, drinking . . . anything that was profane and insulting to god
what is one way that the notion of iconophobia in merry england can be challenged
through medium of pictorial art / house decorations
what does Tara Hamling argue in ‘decorating the godly house hold’
that houses are full of religious imagery. adam and eve, Abraham and Issac. biblical narratives festooned the walls
what dies Patrick Collision suggest about humans and images
That images are part of our culture, we use them to understand the material world (link to clifford Geertz)
two different readings of the notion of ‘christs true church’
- some though that it meant little england
- others that it meant a select few within the church of england itself
what was the implication of the much narrower understanding of the term ‘christs true church’?
meant that protestantism became a morally mor demandng religion , both inwardly and outwardly more repressive . PC
when does Patrick Collision place the cultural watershed ?
1580s, between the 1st and second generation of protestants. . . . not between last generation of catholics and first generation of protestants
why is it strange that minds changed against alehouses /
because initially at home in such places :
examples f protestants being at home nitially in alehouses
- under mary protestants of colchester made alehouse their headuaters
- in london the protestant congregation gathered at the swam at limehouse, the kings head at ratcliffe and the sarcens head at isligton
initial collison protestant driking quote
‘on one occasion the company of thirty consumed ‘three or four pots of beer each, before turning their attention to the sermon’
what did drinking houses become seen as though by protsetsnts ?
- those who entre such an establishment ‘doth thinke he cometh into a little hell’
- elizabethan proestants at this point began to distance themselves from drinking houses
description of john bales plays
anti catholic, rather than positivly protestant
how are religious plays similar to astrology ?
sometimes taken instead of sermon. therefore competition for the same auidence
what did philip stubbs have to say abut divine plays
they were worse than profane plays
when did the broadside ballad begin to go out of fashion
1580s-90s
one possible reason for the dissaperance of godly ballads ?
possible that people preferred the separation between divine and comon culture
figures that show ballad decrease
1) between 1559-1572
2) between 1573 and 76
3) between 1576 and 1584
1) 169 printed
2) none
3) 63
Example of a person who had loads of interior decor
Robert Dudley 1st earl of Leicester, close friend of queen Elizabeth home at kew
example of a person very strict about their interior decor
Henry Hastings …. only maps and non representational floral hangings and a table of the 10 commandments
who compares the task of explaining the relationship between puritanism and pupular culture as similar o walking into a minfield that contains hidden explosives and quicksand
Alexandra walsham “both the subjects are slippery, contentious and intacable’
who does walsham suggest that puritans or ‘true professors’ constructed theirs identity
in opposition to te cultural and moral values of incorrigible worldlings =, contrasted the sweet joys of their own grace, with the ‘frothy pleasures of good fellowship’
puritan steryotypes that suggest the layity also disliked their ‘godly neigbours’
- the name itself = initially an insult
- shakespears Malvolio
who did the study of the essex village of Terling in which Puritans took key roles in town, which they argue link to the increased discipline of the poor and the tightening up of religious and moral standards in the town
Keith wrightson and David Levine
who argues against Keith Wrightson and David Levine’s study
Margaret Spufford and Marjourie Macintosh
how do Margaret Spufford and Marjourie Macintish argue aganst keith wrightson and david levine
- the have noticed similar tightining of regularition in towns and areas due to demographic and economic pressure, from the early 14c. onwards.. therefore suggestion that changes are due to a religious belief is nothing more than a gigantic red herring
not all aspects of puritanism went against normal religion … what are these
providentialism ‘lay in the heart of puritan piety’
- listning to sermons which was an ‘enthralling experience’
- also puritanism penetrated cheap popular print market
example of puritan providentialism
hertfordshire taylor john Dane was detered from a night of dancing by a rumble of thunder and was persuaded to attend church dilligently on sundays by the bite of a hornet which caused his finger to swell up.
examples of how puritan ideas penetrated the cheap print market
- ‘early godly ballads’
- john Bunyans classic ‘pilgrims progress’ (1678)
- printed sermons
- polemical tracts conedeming sin and demanding the reform of morals eg. philip stubbs
which contempoary critisised country dancing an football
Humphry Roberts a minister of the kings church langley 1572
define Presbyterianism
they do not want to seperat, they want reform . very small minority .. the otter sort of the hotter sort of protestant .. belived that the elizabethan church was sick
what does nicholas Tyake argue in ‘the puritan pardigm in english politics’
that should not see the years after the death of elizabeth as a time of purotan decline
what did puritans refer to themselves as ?
godly .. professoer, true gospellers, the elect
how did christopher hill describe the term puritan ?
a dragon in the path of every student
how does kennth parker describe puritanism
‘puritanism was above all else a biblical movement’
what did puritans do to pass the time
looved sermons
mertric psalms
fasting
gadding
things that christioher durston and juauline eals suggest puritans were totally not ok with (baptism)
prayer book at baptism service
also choosing of godparents
signing of cross on childs forehead
ceremony of welcoming back the new mother into the church after laying in period
what does peter marshall suggest is the strongest argument against considering the rligious steelment of 1559 to be th natural conclusion to the study of teh english reformation
that most english protestants belive dthat there wa a great deeal of reformation still to bring about, both in structures and rituals
what led to and where was the first break away group
vestearian controversie … meeting london ‘plumbers hall’ discovered 1567
what structure did the church retain under Elizabeth
heirarchical rule
who campaigned against church structure
thomas cartwright
thomas cartwrights main issues
saints days, kneeling to recived comminion, burial service, rings in marraige , churching women after child birth
thomas cartwirghts main opponent
John Witgift
many normal puritans were appalled by the confrontational tone of the _______?
the admonition controversy .P.M
as well as the admonition controversy what else caused widespread worry that the church was turning in on itself
French St. batholemues day massacre
when were the marprelate tracts printed ?
1588-9
other sepratist groups since 1567 plumbers hall discovery
Brownists .. after robert brown
what happened to puritinism after 1590s
movement turned inwards on itself away from political activity and towards local evangelicalism and the cultivation of intense inereriorised puritna piety
when and what was the ‘decleration of sports’
1618 gave official sanction to pursuit of harmless recreations after sunday worship
how did puritans perceive themselves ?
the beleagured minority surrounded by hordes of the ungodly
how many did jacobean preacher john dennison estimate might be saved ?
1 in 10 ?
Nicholas Bifield estimate of the saved
’ almost all that we meet with are malfactors under scentence … unquenchable fire kindled against them’
specific town where lots of puritan anti puritan clashes
Banbury eg. morris dancing and town cross
who wrote the article about puritan preaching
Arnold Hunt
in midst of admonition controversy what did Thomas Cartwright suggest would happen if words of scripture were merley read
that people would perish
in respons to cartwirghts claims about preaching howdid john witgift respond?
that an educated adult preacher might be the ideal but hevan was not shut up to those who lived under a minister who could only read scripture and the homolies
how argues that we should be careful of reading to much into puritan diaries.. they do not shows obsessed with despair . only those in this place needed diary , those who were untroubled or positivley comforted by the doctrine of predestination did not reuire letters or treatises
Alec Ryrie ‘being protestant in reformation britian’
owen watkins quote
we do not get a full picture of a man from notes if this kind any more than we can judge a garden by looking through the contents of the incinerator
ways Alec ryrie shows how people too a less extreme way out of self determination torment
richard baxter remembered a friend from youth had a weakness for drink and fell into despair for his sins
alec ryrie .. puplic attitued to self uestioning quote
‘Apostay was more appealing than suicide
John Earle argues what about ‘she puritans’
that they gossiped on walk to sermons , same as others would in non church events
who argues about ‘she females’ and gossiping while gadding
JOhn Earle
puritans fasted for diffrent reasons than catholics .. what were these
fasted on divine provoidential happening rather than on set ‘holy days’
what dies walsham argued regarding puritans and cheap print
that puritanism is to often seen as a religion that repelled the illiterate, starting to be seen in a new light… not only for the educated. it infiltrated the cheap print market in the form of things such as pamphlets. these remained in print for long periods of time, thus showing their popularity
who took over from from thomas cartwright after he was exiled
john field and thomas wilcox
what did field and wilcox write to parliment?
‘admonition to parliment’
why is william perkins ‘the golden chain relevant’
gives readers guidance as to the actions that people should or should not commit in order to determine their elect status
what specifically distinguished puritans from protestants
trying to work out predestined status
it is not just puritans who are calvinists, all protestants are , how can you argue this
Nicholas Tyacke argued that there was a calvinist concensus in the elizabethan church by the second hakf of elizabeths reign
what takes a while to develope after the protestant exiles start to return
presbetyrianism , eg. bishops Jewel, grindal and pankhurst all become bishops in the elizabethan church
around what date was english presbyterianism an official movement
1588
name some ways in which puritanism was a social movment
- Gadding
- psalm singing
- Prophysising (breaching workshops banned by E in the 1570s)
- personal diaries eg. Nehimah wallington shared amongest freinds
qualification of limiting fun
trying to bring about a reformation of manners
what were th 1566 advertisments ? and what did the do ?>
book of articles that insisted conformity, led to veterinarian controversy
when was the geneva bible printed
1560
what did presbetyrians want ?
Genva style model of church, where noone more important than anyone else , and christ not E1 was head of church .
what are the 4 diffrent roles in geneva style model of church
decons ministers elders teachers
what was written in 1570
Series of Cambridge letters written by Thomas Cartwright arguing for the establishment of the Presbyterian church system
when was Control of all missionary activity is passed over to the Jesuits
1586
