Catholics Flashcards
what is the argument of traditional historiography towards Catholicism
- tends to have been written by english catholics . . . almost semi hagiography
- focoused of persecution and martydom
20c. changes to catholic historiography
- expansion of the feild of study
- becomes catholic history as opposed to hagiography
- development of revisionist approaches eg. Duffy and Haigh
what was the majour debate concerning catholicism that developed in the 70s-80s
Bossy vs. Haigh
quick 2 word summary of Bossy v. Haigh argument
Bossy ‘the english Catholic community’ = revivalist
Haigh ‘reformation and resistance in tudor lancashire = survivalist
brief explanantion fo Bossys argument
- english catholicism temporarily dies out
- untill revived by catholic missionaries from the continent from the 1570s onwards
brief explanation of Haighs argument
reformation not wanted by most people
catholicism persists through the reformation ‘parish anglicans’ aka. (survivalism
roughly what were english catholics doing around 1558
- majourity of populace
- only one marian bishop stayed to serve under elizabeth
- thousands of clergy and wealthier laity go into continental exile
roughly what were english catholics doing around 1560s
- act of uniformity fones for non attendance at church 12d
- catholics largley contained within the church itself
- many hoping for a reversal of fortune
when is it possible to suggest a turning point for the elizabethan catholics was ?
1568-72
when does mary stuart come to england
1568
when was the northern rebellion
1569
who issued a Bull against Queen Elizabeth
Pope Pius V
when did Pope excomunicate Elizabeth from the roman catholic church
1570
what were the connontation of queens excomunication
catholics were released from loyalty to her, meant that they became more heavily persecuted because queen more fearful of them
when was the ridolfi plot ?
1571 … first attempt to kill queen elizabeth
when was st. Bartholomews day massacre ?
1572
outcomes of st. B’s day massacre
changes atmosphere, suddenly protestants feel defiensive and shocked, believe Catholics capable of horrible catholic conspiracys
when did recusansy become an indictable offence and what did the fines increase too?
1581, £20 per month
when was the Throckmorton assasination plot
1583, wanted to make mary S queen
when was the Babington plot
1586, wanted to make mary s queen
when was Mary S executed for treason
1587
when was the intended invasion year of the Spanish armada ~?
1588
tell yourself about church papastry
- describes Catholics who attend protestant church services
-catholic move in and out of conformity depending on the circumstances of the wider world . . . which makes counting no. of contemporary catholic v. tricky
-
tell yourself about recusansy
- becomes more common after the events of 1568-72
- catholics move in and out of recusancy depensing of circumstances
- gentry/ noble householdsmight become surrogate catolic parishes
- recusant gentry/ nobility still played a large role in running the country and its affairs
example of genrty house becoming mini catholic parish
lord vaux
tell yourself about clerical diffrences
-diffrent groups of the catholic clergy have diffrent religious tolereances
-English Priests, Missionary priests from (1574), jesuits (1580)
-english priests more tolerant of church papastry than of hardline missionaries
-
when did missionary priests start comming over to england
1574
WHEN DID JESUITS START COMING OVER TO ENGLAND?
1580
when and what were the wisbech stirs
sees divisions between secular priests and jesuits, infighting
by 1603 rough numbers of catholic and jesuit priests in england
c. 300 missionary
and c.200 jesuits
where is it arued that the priests focoused the most of their attention ?
on the catholic gentry
some of the problems with recusant catholicism
- v, hard to be a catho;lic without access to sacremests liturgy ect.
- hard to access priest
- instead put importance on books material culture music and devotione ect.
aims of the northern rising
-replace Elizabeth with Mary queen of Scots and to restore Catholicism
international causes of northern rising
- scotish alliance with france
- Mary I arrival in england, and links with her french catholic family
- poor spanish relations
national/ political causes of northern rising
tension in court that elizabeth had still not mareied or produced an heir
- Marys arrival in England
- pent up northern anger
- remnants of regional quasi feudal northen bonds
religious causes of northern rebellion
- elizabeth considered illegitimate by catholics, daughter of anne bolyen and remnant of the break woth rome. mary queen of scots had connection to Henry VIIIs sister maggie tudor, and she was catholic
- nostalgia for the old catholic religion still strong in the north, acts such as praying for the dead and using rosaries still commonplace
how many of the 6000 rebels that took part in the northern rising were killed ?
700
why was the north a huge power block
- borderland between England and Scotland
- security of the country
why was it the north that revolted
- authority less immediate
- angst in the northern families. local and personal grievances stemming from crown in attempts to remove power
- sense of northern identity
- remaining quasi feudal ties
What does Anne Parkinson argue is ‘The most potent of the causes of the revolt’
lingering popular resentment in the north since the pilgrimage of grace and continued practice of some catholic aspects
WHAT DOES ANHNE pARKINSON DESCRIBE the summons of northumberland and Westmorldand to court as?
‘The match that put a light tothe tinder of the revolt’
when did the Northern Rising start?
24th October 1569
which historians argue for the Norths justifiable regional crisis regarding their loss of power
David Marcombe and S.E.Taylor . . . . loss of power through centralisation .. starts under Henry VIII, continues with edward and Elizabeth
christpher Haigh extra points
- that many priests tried to insulate their parishes from religious change under elizabeth esp. in the north and the west
- priests still practices catholic sacrements
- new priests congreagated in the southeast
what did the Jesuit Parsons attribute to the catholic gentry
group of heros ensured te ‘survival of the faith’
- they did but argumentally at the expense of everyone elses ?
- concentration of recusancy around houses of catholic gentry revealed in many of the surveys, was the result, and not the cause of the attention priests gave to gentelmen
who organised the 1571 Ridolfi Plot?
Roberto Ridolfi … florentine Banker
plan for the ridolfi plot ?
marry mary to Thomas Howard 4th Duke of Norfolk … found out by elizabeths intelegence network
when was the Throckmorton Plot ?
1583
what was the plan of throckmorton plot?
to assasinate elizabeth and put Mary I in her place … cooperation with the spanish
when was the Babbington Plot?
1586
when happened to the babbington plot
a letter containing plan was decoded. also tied mary into knowledge of the plot and she was executed for treason
why do Anthony Fletcher and Dirmaid Macchulloch argue shit went down around 1569
- protestantism was not secure in the country
- secualr and religious tensiosns
- loss of power form the north
peter marshall priests quote
‘There is no doubt that priests who had been part of the abortive Marian counter reformation helped lay the foundations for future catholic survival, yet as jack scars brick observed, their fatal shortcoming was that they had no way of replacing themselves’
how many time less intesne was elizabeths persecution than marys
38
one reason why catholics could live in realative ease under E . according to P.M
Exchequer that administered recusancy fine was v. inefficient, lists out of date , proceduser cumbersome oChurch courts = little coercive power over those who regarded excommunication (there most serious sanction) a spiritual irrelevance But Michael Questier has argued that when they worked in a coordinated way, the enforcement mechanisms available to the Elizabethan authorities were powerful ones;
what are the reasons why Catholics were not forced on mass into conversions ?.
- bishops worried about sould and wanted actually conversion
- when genuine religious conversion seemed a prerequisite of political loyalty, the secular authorities were more interested in conformity
on what three occasions did clergy bring forward legislation to make receval of protestant eucharist a legal requierment ?
1571, 1576, 1581 … E, refused eveery time ‘fearful that this might strain the conciences of the catholics beyond breaking point’
what were catholics actually pnished for under elizabeth
‘hanged for treason not burned for heresy’
-which was potential propaganda ploy
who argues that a catholic yeomen, or ‘middle sort’ hardly existed ?
D. Machulloch
name a catholic gentry household that were sociall and politicall active and still had influence at local and national level
Browne familly of sussex - M. Questier
evidence for continuing strand of ‘plebian catolicism’
Of 280 individuals sighted for recusancy for the first time in 1615, only 50 were gentlemen, while 239 were yeomen labourers and mechanicals
marshalls “most potent symbol” of surviving Catholicism in England
Margaret Clitheroe
example of a good mixed religious family
the throckmortons ,ob throckmorton probable author of puritan Marprelate tracts and first cousin francis ececuted 1584 after the failure of the cathjolic plot that bears his name
Histiorians tend to agree on the notably feminised character of English catholic culture what is this known as
matriachal authority / order
what does Matriachal authority entail ?
religious observances were arranged by recusant wife, while husban attended church of england services
why doe sbossy argue that Matriachal catholic household structure appeal to women
because they were alienated by the domestic authoritarianism implicit in protestant teaching
instead of bossy what does Marshal argue may be the cause behind wht women chose to do the catholic stuff
Perhaps more strategic calculations were involved: church papist husbands conformed to preserve estate against recusant fines, amd maintain public duty .. while wives carried out reisitance in private sphere of household. . . .
reasosn why sometimes recusant wives were not agreed .. they really were ‘mixed marraiges’
Women particularly targeted by papist priests because the sex is more fit and apt to delude. Moreover women rule more in the hearts of children and so within these few years their number is increased here among us exceedingly
Marie Rowlands quote / argument
Roman Catholicism was a belief and value system; popery was a social and political construct; recusancy was a legal offence which had to be proved.
who write about Margaret Clitheroe
Peter Lake and Nicheal Questier
point of interest about Maggie C.
not at all ‘standard tudor woman’ .. constanty breaking patriachal order
- went to death place of catholic at night
- was not being discriet
- took priests into her house and had a catholic schoolmaster
Anne Dillon clitheroe quote
aradoxically the more careful the reading and the closer the examination [of mushs text], the further the woman recedes and a series of archetypes (typical example of a certain thing) begin to move into her place
what can the Ballad ‘The plagues of Northumberland’ show
- that the rising of the northen earls was due to a deep set poison
- protestant source, condeming the rebel actions against the queen
what ballad can be used to refrence warning to other disenting protesntants and link catolicism with teh devil
‘A letter to Rome, to declare to the Pope, John Felton his friends is hanged in a rope
which ballad discussed divine intervention and gods punishment for the catholics still livving in england
‘A new Ballad entitled against rebelious and false rumours’
in the depositions after northern rising who claimed that they had accidently attended church on the day of tehe mass ?
Mr George Cliffe, seniour member of durham clergy
in the depositions after northern rising who claimed that being bullied of setting up church altars even though we was not paied to do it and he was very elusive about how he was paied
Robert Hutcheson, 26, labourer
what document argued that idea that catholics were persecuted for their faith was a notorious ‘untruth’
Allen’s Defence of English Catholics
where was the peddlars chest found
walled up in a country house in lancashire, discovered mid 19c. .. disguised with ladies bonnet acutally containes all this things needed for a catholic church service
country house with double priest hole
Coughton Court . double hide, if anyone opened it up, still couldnt see piest inside
house with 3 priest holes
Baddesley Clinton in Warwickshire
what was the name of one of the seminary colleges founded by some of the catholic exiles
Douay France est. 1561
who writes about the crowns monetary gians after the northern rebellion ?
Kristina Kesselring
what is the name of kristina kesselrings article
‘Mercy and Liberality’
how much does kesselring argues it cost the crown to put down the norther rebellion ?
£95,000
how did the crown make money from the rebellion
- 4000 pardoned = £600
- rebel property sold £10,447
- rents from newly accuired land (custom that land of traitor goes to crown)
- also gained influence, could put supporters in the north
what had happened to catholicism by the 1590s
it had a split personality (peter marshall)
- split into Jesuits who were not happy with the status qio and wanted to kill the queen
- and Appelants who were happy to maintain the status quo
what caused the split in the catholic community
legeslation from the 1570s carried through to the 1580s, that was triggered by the northern rebellion, the rdolfi plot and Marys arrival in england
what is Christopher haigh’s seminal book
‘from monopoly to minority’
who argues that the juesuit mission has been misunderstood by recent scolarship, that unlike haigh suggests the gentry were not targeted because it was cushty, instead that it was because they were trying to create political upheval !!
Micheal carifello
who is the jusuit whi praised the english gentry for their work in maintaining catholicism
Robert parsons
where does marshal specificallyt talk about there still being cathoic remnants in 1569 during visitation
chester
who says that ‘church papastry was seen as an ‘enduring and viable strategy’
alexandra walsham
who discusses MAGGY C
peter lake and micheal questier
who writes the article ‘negotiatiung religious identities’
katy gibbons
what does katy gibbons write
‘negotiating religious identities’
who wrote the catholic community
William Sheils
what state does shiels argue tat the catholic sommunity was in at the start of E’s reign ?
pretty strong, it had direction ad active learned bishops thanks to mary (however protestants could also claim similar characteristics tanks to edward)
how does W.sheils describe elizabeths religion ?
not evangelical, her religion retained strong attatchment to lutheran sacremental theology and a devotion to the symbol of the cross
when was the royal supremacy. was it popular
1559, only got through by 3 votes so not excessivly
what were the outcomes of the royyal suprenacy
all bar 2 marian clergy resigned , so did cathedral clergy and 2,000 priests, some of whom started ‘roving ministeries’.
two example of surviving conservative clergy after 159 royal supremacy
1) Christopher tracey devon, was trained in the pre reformation church, combined comtment to supremacy with traditional sacrememtal understanding
2) Vicar of bonnington lincolshire, continued to provide all 7 sacrements as late as 1567
william sheild catholic conitnuity quote
“in such places, continuity rather than change was the distinctive feature of the church”
why were things becoming more difficult for catholics later in the 1560s
- 1563 convocation of 39 articles … distinctly reformed direction of theology, whilst retain8ing episcopal structure
- in Europe end of council of trent 1564 and the Helvetic confession of faith of 1566 sharpened confessional identities
- attendance at protestant church services was condemned by the pope
- papal bull of 1570
before end of 1560s what was the main from of catholic protestants agression ?
written debate between Bishop John Jewel and Thomas Harding
why did it all go to shit around 1571
- RNE
- excomunication
- ridolfi around this time specifically anticatholic legeslation as opposed to simply seeking uniformity can be traced
what happened in 1581
parliament made illeagal to reconcile anyone into catholic church, and greatly increased recusancy fines to potential £20 a month
good case study of recusant loyal to the catholic state
thomas tresham
talk about thmas tresham
Northamptonshire
part of marys privy council
after perhaps as church papist children were baptised into catholic church
meeting with Robert [arsins in 1580 convinced him of recusancy , personal loyalty to regime not in doubt , though he experience periods of imprisonment throughout regime , gave shelter to priests. Often in dispute with protestant neighbours . built triangular lodge at Rushton, which expressed his devotion t the trinity .. saw himself as part of enduring religion whos present fate was to bear sufferings of the time
another family / [erson who was recusant yet loyal to crown
Anthony Browne
who was anthony Browne?
browne although catholic but never against the state . in 1591 household honoured by state visit from Elizabeth . continued after brownes death, wife buolt chapel with choir and pulpit in which sermons preached every week and mass celebrates on feast days to congregation of 120 half of whom recived the sacrament. This transcends typical ‘domestic household piety’
what happened in 1566
Nationwide survey of the JPs – 1/3 found the Elizabethan settlement unfavourable
what was discovered in 1567
Over dozen clergy in Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire found using prayers for the dead.
who established douay missionary college 1568
William Allen
what is the papaal bul that excomunicated wlizabeth called
Regnans in Excelsis
