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Edexcel GCSE History Paper 1 > Punishments > Flashcards

Punishments Flashcards

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1
Q

What was Wergild?

A

A compensation paid to the victims of a crime or their families.

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2
Q

What time period did Wergild exist?

A

Anglo Saxon

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3
Q

What was the purpose of Wergild?

A

To avoid blood feuds

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4
Q

What was corporal punishment?

A

A range of punishments that caused harm or pain to the body - including being beaten.

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5
Q

Give examples of Corporal Punishment

A

Stocks And Pillory

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6
Q

What was the purpose of corporal punishment?

A
  • To act as a deterrent

- form of retribution

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7
Q

What change was made to Wergild fine by William I?

A

Fines were now paid to the King’s officials

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8
Q

Why did William I make changes to the Wergild fine?

A

To increased the centralisation of law enforcement and extend the control of the King.
He also needed the money from the fines to fund castles and the reformation of churches

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9
Q

In what time period was Hung Drawn and Quartering introduced as a punishment?

A

Late Medieval Period

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10
Q

What crime would result in the criminal being hung@drawn and quartered?

A

High Treason

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11
Q

Describe the punishment of Hung@ Drawn and Quartered

A

The criminal would be semi-strangled@ revived@ his abdomen cut open and intestines drawn out

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12
Q

Why did treason always see capital punishment throughout the medieval period?

A

The King was the most powerful person in the country@ betraying him would’ve been seen as the worst possible crime a person could commit therefore the only rightful punishment would be death.

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13
Q

Explain why Normans made changes to crime and punishments after the Norman Conquest

A

Establish Control - Forest Laws - Symbol of Dominance

Protect Norman People - Murdrum Fine - Showed Normans were important, less likely to be murdered due to social pressure since everyone paid the fine

Economic Reasons - Fines now paid to the King’s Officials - Increased centralization of Law enforcement and extended King’s control - Funded Castles

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14
Q

What was the main purpose of prisons in the Early Modern Period?

A

It wasn’t necessarily a punishment in it’s own right; it was more like a holding cell.

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15
Q

State the punishments for vagabondage in the Early Modern Period

A
  • Whipping
  • Branding with a V
  • Execution
  • Houses of Correction, example Bridewell
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16
Q

In what year was the vagrancy act put into place?

A

1547

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17
Q

Give an example of a purpose-built prison in the Early Modern Period

A

Bridewell prisons which were built specifically to hold the poor

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18
Q

Describe the Bloody Code

A

This was the increase in the amount of crimes that were punishable by the death penalty. This number has risen to 50 by 1688 and further to 160 by 1765.

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19
Q

Why did law makers introduce the bloody code?

A
  • People were worried about the rate of crime
  • Law-makers thought that harsh punishments would work to control crime
  • Changes in society made it harder to enforce the law
  • As land owners, law-makers were particularly worried about property crime
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20
Q

Where would prisoners have been transported to in the Early Modern Period?

A

North America

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21
Q

How many years could someone be transported as an alternative to execution?

A

14 years

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22
Q

What were the economic benefits of Transportation to America?

A

England wanted to establish permanent colonies in North America and convicts could be used to populate and provide manpower

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23
Q

How did Transportation to North America act as retribution?

A

Criminals were sent away to America deliberately to separate criminals and their families

24
Q

Who introduced transportation?

A

James I

25
Q

Why was there a decrease in the death penalty in the Industrial Period?

A
  • Hanging was not seen as an effective deterrent
  • It was seen as inhumane
  • Alternative Punishments were starting to arise like prisons
  • People are beginning to develop ideas of rehabilitation
26
Q

Why was there a decrease in public executions in the industrial period?

A
  • People thought that those being put to death should have more dignity
  • These executions were almost like festivals - people parading about; it wasn’t taken seriously
27
Q

Summarize the aims/goals of the Gunpowder plot

A

It aimed to set off an explosion to kill the King and those close to him at the state opening of the parliament. They wanted to replace James I with his daughter

28
Q

Why did the gunpowder plot fail?

A

Lord Monteagle received a warning not to attend which he extended to Robert Cecil, the King’s spymaster.

29
Q

What was burning mainly used as a punishment for?

A

Heresy

30
Q

What was the rack?

A

A wooden frame that would stretch the limbs, forcing them apart at the joints

31
Q

What was the punishment for the conspirators of the gunpowder plot?

A

Torture and Hung, Drawn and Quartering

32
Q

What were some consequences of the Gunpowder plot?

A
  • Encouraged Anti-Catholic attitudes by the ‘Kingsbook’ with uncovered the plot
  • Catholics in the long term were affected. They were restricted from voting in any elections until 1829.
33
Q

How did transportation change after 1783?

A

England lost colonies as a result of American Independance so could no longer transport prisoners there. They started transporting to Australia

34
Q

Why did transportation to Australia end by 1868?

A

Australia was now an Australia was now an attractive place to go and they didn’t want criminals

Some felt it was too expensive and not a strong enough deterrent to crime. Others felt it was too harsh for the families

More prisons had been built and were being used rather than transportation

35
Q

Who were the 2 main prison reformers?

A

Elizabeth Fry

John Howard

36
Q

What did the Gaols act of 1823 state prisons should be like?

A
  • Prisoners should receive regular visits from prison chaplains
  • Gaolers should be paid so they would not need to make money from prisoners
  • Female prisoners should be watched over by female wardens
  • Prisoners were not to be held i nchains
37
Q

When was Pentonville prison built?

A

1842

38
Q

Describe the conditions of Pentonville Prison

A
    • Walls were thick to present prisoners from communicating between cels
  • Prisoners initially remained isolated throughout the day
  • The work was deliberately very repetitive and boring
39
Q

What were the strengths of Pentonville Prison?

A

Compared to previous prisons, it was clean and there was far less disease

Many people thought it provided the right severity of punishment - not too harsh

40
Q

What were the weaknesses of Pentonville Prison?

A

The continuous isolation led to mental health issues and high rates of suicide

There was no education or instruction to provide prisoners new skills to use for when they were released

41
Q

What reformer played a huge part in the 1823 Gaols act but was critiscised for being too lenient?

A

Elizabeth Fry

42
Q

What reformer@ whilst Sheriff of Bedfordshire@ inspected prisons and was shocked by what they found?

A

John Howard

43
Q

Describe Elizabeth Fry’s role in prison reforms

A
  • She visited women in Newgate prison and was shocked to find 300 women and children crammed into 3 prisons
  • She highlighted the poor living conditions and exploitation of female prisoners by male prison wardens
44
Q

Describe John Howard’s role in prison reforms

A

In 1777, they published a report: The State of Prisons in England and Wales after vising other prisons which highlighted problems with the old prison system@ especially the fees prisoners had to pay.

45
Q

What year was solitary confinement ended?

A

1922

46
Q

Why was solitary confinement ended?

A

It was gradually thought to be inhumane and did not encourage rehab

47
Q

When was the first open prison opened and what did it allow prisoners to do?

A

The first open prison was opened in 1934 and allowed prisoners to leave during the day to work

48
Q

What was abolished in 1902?

A

The hard labour and the crank in prisons

49
Q

Why was the death penalty abolished in 1965?

A
    • There was shift from retribution to rehabilitation
  • People like Derek Bentley, who was arguably innocent, were put to death and kickstarted the movement
  • No longer an effective deterrent, evident by the failure of the Bloody code
50
Q

Explain how COs were treated in WW1

A

Some COs and their families were isolated by friends and neighbors

By the government, they were considered cowardly since they weren’t fighting in the war.

51
Q

Why were attitudes towards COs more lenient in WW2?

A

They couldn’t be punished too harshly as the government would’ve been seen as hypocritical since they were criticizing Hitler’s treatment of his people

52
Q

During WW1@ how many men were COs?

A

16,500

53
Q

How were COs punished in WW1?

A

6000 COs were imprisoned. They were held in front of a tribunal who would decide their fate.

54
Q

When did transportation and public execution end?

A

1868

55
Q

In what year was the last use of the death penalty?

A

1964

Edexcel GCSE History Paper 1 (4 decks)

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