punishment Flashcards
1
Q
4 types of punishment
A
deterrence - make an example out of somebody
rehabilitation - reform offenders
incapacitation - imprisonment - chemical castration
retribution - pay back for victims
2
Q
DURKHEIM: functionalist views on punishment
A
- punishment is necessary as it upholds social solidarity and reinforces societies values - strengthens the collective conscience
- punishment is expressive - express societies outrage at the offence
- traditional societies have retributive justice - punishment is harsh and cruel: expressive
- modern societies have restitutive justice - restore things to how they used to be i.e. compensation - its purpose is to restore societies equilibrium
3
Q
ALTHUSSER: marxist views on punishment
A
- every society has its own form of punishment which corresponds to its economic base - capitalism
- ALTHUSSER: it is part of the repressive state apparatus
- before capitalism peasents were kept under control with hanging and deportation etc
- capitalism - imprisonment is the dominant form of punishment
- puts a price on offenders time
- WC ‘do time to pay for their crimes’
4
Q
the changing role of prison
A
- pre-industrial europe: would hold people before execution or deportation
- enlightenment onwards: used as a form of punishment
- £55,000 per person
5
Q
imprisonment today
A
- in most liberal democracies, prison is the most serious form of punishment
- no effective methods of rehabilitation
- new labour used prisons not just for serious offenders, but for petty persistent offenders
- prison population increased by 70% since 1997
6
Q
problems in prison
A
- overcrowding
- poor sanitation
- clothing shortage
- lock down for up to 23 hours a day
- shortage of prison officers
7
Q
GARLAND - era of mass incarceration in the USA
A
- concerns over the amount of people in prisons
- 1970s: 200,000
- 2009: 700,000
- 1.5million under supervision orders
- punishments are now high up on the political agenda - tough on crime policies
- war on drugs
8
Q
transcarceration
A
- cycle of control moving between different carceral agencies throughout their lives
- brought up in care - young offenders, then adult prison
- blurring lines between CJS and welfare agencies
- social services/welfare agencies have been given a crime control role
9
Q
alternatives to prisons
A
- rise in community-based control
- curfews
- tagging
- probation
- cautions
- some argue that this is similar to FOUCALT’s theory of constant surveillance
- ASBOS have fast tracked young people into custody
