Pulpal Anatomy and Root Morphology Flashcards
what does the periodontium include
gingiva, cementum, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone
what is the free gingiva
most incisal unattached portion, surrounds tooth to form a collar of tissue with a space or sulcus
what does the free gingival groove separate
attached gingiva from free gingiva
what is the attached gingiva
zone of gray to light or coral pink keratinized masticatory mucosa that is firmly bound to underlying
what does the attached gingiva extend between
free gingiva and alveolar mucosa
what is the mucogingival junction between
attached gingiva and the looser, alveolar mucosa
where is the alveolar mucosa
tissue apical to the mucogingival junction
where is the gingival sulcus
space between tooth surface and narrow cervical collar of free gingiva
what are the functions of the pulp and what does each do
-formative: pulp cells form dentin (primary function)
-nutritive: blood supply to tooth
-sensory: nerve supply to tooth
-defensive: forms reparative dentin in response to mechanical, thermal, chemical, and bacterial insults
how many pulp horns does the maxillary central incisor have
3
describe the incisal view of the maxillary central incisor
triangular, mesial wall is longer than the distal
describe the root of the maxillary lateral incisory
root is pointed
-as long or longer than central incisor
2 pulp horns
describe the root and pulp of the maxillary canine
-broadest single rooted tooth FL
- distal>mesial developmental depressions
-anterior tooth least likely to have bifurcated root
-1 pulp horn
describe the root and pulp of the mandibular central incisor
-broader FL than MD
-distal> mesial developmental depressions
-root is round/oval
- one pulp canal, 2 40% of the time
describe the root and pulp of the mandibular lateral incisor
-distal>mesial developmental depression
-depressions are more pronounced than central incisor
- usually one pulp canal, 2 40% of the time
describe the root and pulp of the mandibular canine
-often curved to mesial
- anterior tooth most likely to have a bifurcated root
-wide FL
-deep distal developmental depression, no mesial
what are indicators of gingivitis
redness, rolled margins, smooth and shiny surface texture, loss of resiliency, bleeding upon probing
what are symptoms of periodontitis
loss of attachment and underlying bone with increased pocket depths
what is gingival recession
apical migrations of gingival tissue, with underlying bone loss, resulting in exposure of root surface
what are contributing factors to gingival recession
poorly aligned teeth, lack of attached gingiva, aggressive tooth brushing
what is furcation involvement
with advanced perio disease, attachment loss and bone loss may reach a furcation area
describe the roots of maxillary first premolars
-two roots 50-60% of the time
-90% of time has 2 canals
-broad FL
-long root trunk (1/2-2/3 length of root)
-cross section: kidney bean shaped
-pronounced cavity on mesial
describe the pulp of the maxillary first premolars
-broad BL
-2 canals in the apical 1/3
-2 pulp horns
where does the pulp chamber become the root canal
at a level below the CEJ
describe the root and pulp of the maxillary second premolars
-single root
- 50% have 2 canals
- broad FL
-2 pulp horns
-cross section: oval or kidney shaped
describe the roots of the maxillary first molar
-3 roots
-MB root is broad FL and has 2 canals in 90-95% of cases
-most splayed roots of any tooth in the mouth
describe the pulp chamber of the maxillary first molar
-large pulp chamber with 4-5 horns
-MB pulp horn is most at risk of exposure during procedures
- cross section: MB line angle is acute, DB obtuse, lingual right angles
-palatal canal centered lingually
what are the canals in the MB root of the maxillary first molar
MB canal and the accessory MB canal. accessory is lingual to MB canal
describe the roots of the maxillary second molar
-roots are straighter, closer together and more distally inclined
-roots may fuse together
describe the pulp chamber of the maxillary second molar
-cross section:MB and DB line angles are more acute and more obtuse than first molar
-pulp chamber is more triangular in shape
-MB usually has one canal (two canals only 30% of the time)
describe the root and pulp of the mandibular first premolar
-one canal and 2 pulp horns
-premolar most likely to have 1 pulp horn
-buccal pulp horn is at risk during cavity preparations
-broader FL
describe the root and pulp of the mandibular second premolar
-pulp horns are more prominent and usually 3 present-1 buccal and 2 lingual
describe the root and pulp of the mandibular first molar
-2 roots
-mesial root: broad FL, 2 canals in 60% of cases, 40% have type 2 canals , curves distally
- distal root: broad and may contain ribbon shaped canal, 1-2 canals in the distal root
describe the roots and pulp of the mandibular second premolar
-mesial root: 2 separate canals in 35% of cases, 65% have type 2
-more variation in second molar canal anatomy
how far along are the roots developed when tooth first erupts into oral cavity
50%
in a molar where do the pulp canals usually join the chamber
at a level apical to the CEJ
