Pulmonology Intro

Question 1

What is dyspnea?

Answer 1

Subjective feeling of difficult, labored, uncomfortable breathing

Question 2

Tachypnea is?

Answer 2

Rapid breathing > 20 RMP

Question 3

Orthopnea is?

Answer 3

Dyspnea in recumbent position

Question 4

What is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea?

Answer 4

Orthopnea that wakes the patient from sleep prompting an upright position and the sensation of breathlessness

Question 5

Respiratory Distress is?

Answer 5

Combination of patient’s subjective dyspnea with signs indicating difficulty breathing.

Question 6

Respiratory failure is?

Answer 6

Respiratory dysfunction resulting in abnormalities of oxygenation or ventilation.

Question 7

Respiratory failure is characterized by which 2 things?

Answer 7

• Change in ability to move air in and out of lungs.
• Change in ability to facilitate diffusion of oxygen into the blood/CO out of the blood.

Question 8

What are two ways we investigate hypoxemia and hypercapnea?

Answer 8

A-a gradient, V/Q mismatch

Question 9

What is the A-a gradient

Answer 9

Difference between O2 in alveoli and blood
A= O2 in alveoli
a= O2 dissolved in the blood

Question 10

What does hypoxemia with a normal A-a gradient mean?

Answer 10

O2 is moving as expected into the blood- but due to high altitude or hypoventilation bot hare equally low causing a normal A-a gradient

Question 11

What does hypoxemia with an increased A-a gradient mean?

Answer 11

Oxygen is not moving as expected into the blood from alveoli. V/Q mismatch- either a lungs are limited O2 diffusion or the blood flow is limiting O2 diffusion.

Question 12

What are the two compromises that characterize V/Q mismatch?

Answer 12

Circulatory compromise and air space compromise

Question 13

What is CPAP?

Answer 13

Bridge device that has continuous positive airway pressure.

Question 14

What is BiPAP?

Answer 14

Bridge device with bilevel positive airway pressure.

Question 15

In an arterial/venous blood gas, which two results describe ventilatory status?

Answer 15

pH and PaCO2

Question 16

In an arterial/venous blood gas, which results describe oxygenation status?

Answer 16

PaO2

Question 17

Primary respiratory acidosis is?

Answer 17

High Co2 and low pH

Question 18

Primary respiratory alkalosis is?

Answer 18

Low CO2 and High pH

Question 19

If pH is better than expected, we should assume the body is…?

Answer 19

Compensating.

Question 20

if pH is worse than expected, we should assume the body is… ?

Answer 20

Mixed respiratory disorder.

Question 21

What is the most readily available/useful pulmonary function test that measures a volume exhaled during a forceful complete exhalation after a maximal inhalation?

Answer 21

Spirometry

Question 22

What does spirometry prove if the patient’s spirometry score is better after taking a bronchodilating medication?

Answer 22

The problem is reversible.

Question 23

What two classifications of pulmonary disorders does spirometry does spirometry help diagnose?

Answer 23

Obstructive and restrictive lung diseases

Question 24

What is obstructive lung disease?

Answer 24

Air trapping, difficulty exhaling air from lungs.

Question 25

What is restrictive lung disease?

Answer 25

Difficulty fully expanding the lungs.

Question 26

FVC

Answer 26

forced vital capacity

Question 27

FEV1

Answer 27

Forced expiratory volume in 1 second

Question 28

TLC

Answer 28

Total lung capacity (FVC + Reserve volume)

Question 29

Which way does the flow loop of an obstructive lung disease pattern go? Why?

Answer 29

Left, you’re able to inhale more than exhale.

Question 30

What way does the flow loop of a restrictive lung disease flow?

Answer 30

Right, and your size is smaller.

Question 31

TLC is _ when its obstructive disease?

Answer 31

Normal or high

Question 32

TLC is _ when its restrictive disease?

Answer 32

Low

Question 33

FEV1/FVC is _ when obstructive disease?

Answer 33

Low

Question 34

FEV1/FVC is _ when restrictive disease?

Answer 34

Normal to high