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Med physiology - Quiz 2 > Pulmonolgy > Flashcards

Pulmonolgy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two zones of the airway?

A

Conducting Zone

Respiratory Zone

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2
Q

Gas exchange occurs in what zone?

A

Respiratory

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3
Q

As each airway branches off into the next what increases?

A

Surface area

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4
Q

Portions of the airway are layered in smooth muscle which aids in what?

A

Dilation/Contraction

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5
Q

The mucosa of the trachea has these two things?

A

Goblet Cells

Cilia

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6
Q

What is the primary role of goblet cells?

A

Mucus makers

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7
Q

What is the primary role of cilia?

A

Remove deep particles and expel them through coughing

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8
Q

Type 1 alveolar cells are also called ________, which line alveoli

A

pneumocytes

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9
Q

Type 2 alveolar cells produce ________.

A

Surfactant

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10
Q

The larger surface area of alveoli results in a more _____ exchange of O2, CO2.

A

rapid

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11
Q

What are the THREE protective reflexes in the pulmonary system?

A
  1. Foreign Body Reaction
  2. Voluntary control of breathing
  3. J Receptors
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12
Q

J receptors sense. __________ and trigger a dry _______

A
  1. Build up of fluid in interstitial space

2. Cough

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13
Q

The lungs are lined by these three layers.

A
  1. Visceral Pleura
  2. Intrapleural fluid
  3. Parietal Pleura
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14
Q

The layer of the pleural sac closest to the lungs is the _______ pleura.

A

Visceral

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15
Q

The layer of the pleural sac further to the lungs is the _______ pleura.

A

Parietal

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16
Q

The lubricating fluid between the two pleural layers is known as the __________ fluid.

A

Intrapleural

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17
Q

An infection or inflammation of the pleura and often results from pneumonia is called ________. (What is the Tx?)

A

Pleurisy (Tx: draining fluid)

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18
Q

Respiration can be divided into these 5 phases.

A
  1. Ventilation
  2. Exchange
  3. Transport
  4. Exchange
  5. Utilization
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19
Q

What is the ventilation phase?

A

Getting oxygen into the alveoli (Breathing)

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20
Q

What is the first exchange phase?

A

Getting O2 into the blood and CO2 out of the blood

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21
Q

What is the transport phase?

A

Get oxygen to the tissues

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22
Q

What is the second exchange phase?

A

Get O2 from blood into tissue cells, and CO2 from tissue cells into blood

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23
Q

What is the utilization phase?

A

Oxygen consumption in the tissues

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24
Q

Flow is greatest if the differences in gas pressures is _______ and resistance to flow is ______ .” (REMEMBER: Flow = Change in Pressure / Resistance)

A

High

Low

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25
Q

This law states that at a constant temperature, the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume. (REMEMBER: V1P1 = V2P2)

A

Boyle’s Law

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26
Q

Explain how Boyle’s Law works in regards to the lung?

A

Volume changes with breathing which leads to pressure changes, and these pressure changes lead to the flow of gas.

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27
Q

This pressure rises and falls (Positive/Negative) with breathing but always equalizes (Zeros) with atmospheric pressure.

A

Pressure in the alveoli

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28
Q

The pressure inside the pleural cavity is measured as…….

A

intrapleural pressure

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29
Q

The intrapleural pressure is always _________ less than the pressure in the alveoli.

A

-4 mmHg

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30
Q

The “vacuum” in the lungs is created by the forces of the chest wall pulling ______ and the lungs pulling _____.

A

Out

In

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31
Q

What is happening during end expiration?

A

Barometric air pressure is equal alveolar pressure = NO air movement

32
Q

What is happening during inspiration? (2 Steps)

A
  1. Increased thoracic volume results in increased alveolar volume and decreased alveolar pressure
  2. Barometric air pressure is now greater than alveolar pressure and air moves INTO the lungs
33
Q

What happens at end inspiration?

A

Barometric air pressure and alveolar pressure are equal = NO air movement

34
Q

What is happening during expiration? (2 Steps)

A
  1. Decreased thoracic volume results in decreased alveolar volume and increased alveolar pressure
  2. Alveolar pressure is now greater than Barometric air pressure and air moves OUT the lungs
35
Q

The total volume of fresh air entering the alveoli per minute is known as……

A

Alveolar ventilation

36
Q

“Dead space” refers to what?

A

The volume of air “left over” from the last breath.

EX: A male breath is typically 500 ml, but has a cost, “dead space” of 150ml, making the net worth 350 ml

37
Q

What is the best way to improve oxygenation - deep breathing or frequent breathing?

A

Deep Breathing

38
Q

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide always move from _____to _______ pressures (THINK: Downhill)

A

High

Low

39
Q

O2/CO2 will move down the partial pressure gradient until the pressures are ______ across a surface.

A

Equal

40
Q

T/F: Your bloodstream will “stockpile O2.

A

False: It just replaces what is used

41
Q

What two things does the respiratory quotient deal with?

A
  1. Use of Oxygen

2. Production of CO2

42
Q

The pO2 concentration in arterial blood is ______

A

100 mmHg

43
Q

The pCO2 concentration in arterial blood is ______

A

40 mm Hg

44
Q

The pO2 concentration in venous blood is ______.

A

40 mmHg

45
Q

The pCO2 concentration in venous blood is ______

A

46 mmHg

46
Q

Once oxygenated blood from the lungs passes through the left heart, why is it’s pO2 still 100 mmHg?

A

Gas exchange has not occurred yet.

47
Q

Gas exchange occurs where?

A

Tissues of the capillaries

48
Q

A typical person breathes in _____ of air per minute and circulates _____ of blood per minute.

A

4L

5L

49
Q

If you where to hold your breath underwater what would happen to your pO2 and pCO2? What would this eventually stop? How do you fix this?

A
  1. pCO2 would increase, pO2 would decrease (pH will increase)
  2. Eventually there would not be a partial pressure gradient and gas exchange would stop
  3. BREATH
50
Q

When you work out your O2 consumption increases creating a higher partial pressure gradient. What will happen to your pO2? If not corrected what will continue to happen to our pO2? How do you correct this?

A
  1. More O2 will diffuse “downhill” (out of the blood stream) and your pO2 will decrease
  2. If not corrected, your pO2 (arterial and venous) will continue to decrease.
  3. Increase ventilation (Breathing rate)
51
Q

When you go into a hypoxic environment (high altitude) this creates a “smaller partial pressure gradient. Does more or less O2 diffuse into the blood stream? What happens to your arterial pO2? How do you fix this?

A
  1. Less because of the small pressure gradient.
  2. Arterial pO2 would decrease
  3. Rapid breaths
52
Q

Inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues is also known as _______.

A

Hypoxia

53
Q

Not enough O2 in the blood stream is also known as ______.

A

Hypoxemia

54
Q

What are the four forms of hypoxia?

A
  1. Anemic Hypoxia (not enough RBCs)
  2. Ischemic Hypoxia (Blood flow is impaired)
  3. Histotoxic hypoxia (Mitochondria are unable to use O2 - Cyanide poisoning)
  4. Hypoxemia hypoxia (reduced arterial pO2).
55
Q

T/F: Not all people with hypoxia have hypoxemia, but ALL people with hypoxemia have hypoxia

A

True

56
Q

At a pO2 of 40, hgb saturation will be ____ (Percentage).

THINK: Oxygen/Hemoglobin

A

~ 78%

57
Q

At a pO2 of 100, hgb saturation will be _____. (Percentage).

THINK: Oxygen/Hemoglobin

A

~ 99.99%

58
Q

In acidic conditions, hgb will hold O2 loosely shifting the dissociation curve to the ______.

A

Right

59
Q

In colder temperatures, Hgb will hold onto O2 tightly, shifting the dissociation curve to the _______.

A

Left

60
Q

When there is an increase in the presence of DBG (made during glycolysis), Hgb will “let go” of O2, shifting the dissociation curve to the ______.

A

Left

61
Q

Describe the path CO2 takes out of the body….

A
  1. CO2 produced by cells dissolves out of the cell into the interstitial space
  2. Dissolved CO2 crosses into the plasma in the blood.
  3. CO2 in the plasma crosses over into the RBC’s cytoplasm and bind with Hgb.
  4. Once it reaches an alveoli it dissolves out of the RBC and into the plasma
  5. CO2 then dissolves across the membrane and into the alveoli
62
Q

Describe the path of O2 into the cell

A
  1. O2 dissolves into the fluid within the alveoli and crosses into the plasma of the blood
  2. The dissolved O2 in the plasma then crosses into the RBC’s cytoplasm and hydrogen bonds with Hgb
  3. Once the RBC reaches a cell without O2, the O2 dissolves back into the RBC cytoplasm –> across into the plasma –> and finally out of the blood vessel into the cell
63
Q

Write the Bicarbonate equation

A

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

64
Q

If there was a build up of CO2 it would shift the equation to the _____.

A

Right

65
Q

If there was a build up HCO3-, it would shift the equation to the ____.

A

Left

66
Q

Enzymes work best at a pH of _____.

A

7.44

67
Q

H+ ions are buffered in the blood stream through __________.

A

Binding to hgb in deoxyhemoglobin

68
Q

H+ ions in the bloodstream also contribute to the brain’s control of _____.

A

Breathing

69
Q

The two central control centers in the brain for breathing are the __________.

A

The Medulla and the pons

70
Q

These influence medulla by adjusting the depth and frequency of breathing.

A

The peripheral and central chemoreceptors

71
Q

This detects the level of pO2 and the level of H+

A

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

72
Q

These exist in the medulla and act as a “safety check” on the peripheral receptors.

A

Central chemoreceptors

73
Q

Central chemoreceptors only work with _____.

A

pH

74
Q

What three things can suppress the medulla’s respiratory pacemaker?

A
  1. Alcohol
  2. Morphine
  3. Barbiturates
75
Q

“Death by not breathing” is referred to as ___________.

A

Asphyxiation

Med physiology - Quiz 2 (3 decks)

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