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Med physiology - Quiz 2 > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

What are the THREE primary affectors of the cardiovascular system?`

A
  1. Endocrine system
  2. Nervous System
  3. Kidneys
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2
Q

Plasma makes up ____ (percentage) of blood.

A

55%

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3
Q

Erythrocytes, also measured as _______, makes up ______ (percentage) of the blood.

A

Hematocrit

45%

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4
Q

The “buffy coat” of the blood is made up of _______________ (Two Things).

A

Leukocytes and Platelets

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5
Q

The two “roadways” of the circulatory system are the ___________ and _____________.

A

Pulmonary Loop

Systemic Loop

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6
Q

The pulmonary loop carries _______ blood to the lungs and back to the heart.

A

Oxygen-poor

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7
Q

The systemic loop carries _________ from the heart to the rest of the body.

A

Oxygen-rich

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8
Q

T/F: There are more than 1 loops that make up the systemic loop.

A

True

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9
Q

Name an example of a “leak” that is problematic to these “roadways”.

A

Hemorrhage

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10
Q

The heart is actually ____ pumps in one.

A

2

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11
Q

What are the advantages of this “2 pumps in 1” system. (THREE)

A
  1. One electrical impulse, two ventricular contractions
  2. Easier to contract against one another (Shared wall) - USES LESS ATP
  3. Keeps the lungs close to the systemic system
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12
Q

What is the PRIMARY disadvantages of this “2 pumps in 1” system.

A

If there is an imbalance between the left/right sides the whole system could be messed up.

EX: If the right-side does not deliver than the left has nothing to pump out

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13
Q

The Hepatic Portal System picks up “passengers” in the _______ and gets them into the system via the ________.

A

GI Tract

Liver

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14
Q

The hepatic portal system runs ______ - _________ - _________.

A

Vein-Capillary-Vein

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15
Q

The hypothalamic portal system picks up hormones in the _________ and drops them off at the __________.

A

Hypothalamus

Pituitary

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16
Q

The hypothalamic portal system runs ________ - _________ - ________

A

Vein-Capillary-Vein

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17
Q

The capillary beds of the Nephron run ______ - ___________ - _______

A

Artery-capilary-artery

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18
Q

The capillary beds of the nephron primarily _______ blood.

A

filter

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19
Q

All arteries carry _______ blood _______ from the heart

A

Oxygenated

Away

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20
Q

All veins carry ______ blood ________ the heart

A

Deoxygenated

Toward

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21
Q

What are two examples of arteries that carry deoxygenated blood.

A
  1. Pulmonary

2. Umbilical

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22
Q

_____ (Percentage) of your blood is in your veins at any given time.

A

60%

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23
Q

Only _____ (Percentage) of your capillary beds are open at one time.

A

5-10%

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24
Q

If all your capillary beds opened at once there would be a significant _________ in hydrostatic pressure, otherwise known as shock.

A

Decrease

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25
Q

Force equals…….

A

The change in pressure / resistance

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26
Q

what THREE things contribute to resistance.

A
  1. Blood viscosity
  2. Total vessel length
  3. Blood vessel diameter
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27
Q

Dilated vessels _______ resistance, constricted vessels _________ resistance.

A

Decrease

Increase

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28
Q

Of all the components of resistance, what has the greatest effect on resistance?

A

Radius

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29
Q

Capillary beds can reduce blow flow to another capillary bed by _________ resistance just before the bed.

A

increasing

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30
Q

When exercising blood volume significantly increases in the ______________, ________, and ___________.

A

Skeletal muscles
Heart
Skin

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31
Q

When exercising blood volume significantly decreases in the ______________, ________, and ___________.

A

Kidneys
Abdominal organ
Other

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32
Q

When exercising the blood volume to the brain remains _______ but the percentage of blood _________.

A

the same

decreases

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33
Q

The amount of blood pumped per minute ________ with exercise because it is being pumped through the system _______.

A

Increases

Faster

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34
Q

The epicardium is the most ______ layer of the heart

A

Superficial

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35
Q

The most visceral layer of the epicardium is referred to as the __________.

A

Pericardium

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36
Q

The myocardium is the __________ layer of heart muscle

A

Middle

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37
Q

Where is the bulk of the heart mass?

A

Myocardium

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38
Q

What layer of the heart contracts?

A

Myocardium

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39
Q

The endocardium is the ________ layer of the heart.

A

inner

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40
Q

The endocardium is composed of __________.

A

Endothelium.

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41
Q

The endocardium is a continuous lining with the blood vessels to prevent ________ and _________.

A

clotting

trauma

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42
Q

What are the 4 valves of heart?

A
  1. Tricuspid Valve
  2. Pulmonary Valve
  3. Mitral Valve
  4. Aortic Valve
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43
Q

The two artioventricular valves are the _______ and _______

A

Tricuspid

Mitral

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44
Q

T/F: Every heart cells contracts with every beat of the heart

A

True

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45
Q

Only about ____ (Percent) of the heart cells are replaced each year.

A

1%

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46
Q

_____ (percentage) of cardiac cells make up the conducting system and utilize ______ junctions.

A

1%

Gap

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47
Q

The atria secretes whet peptide hormone?

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

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48
Q

ANP regulates the the concentration of _______ in the ECF.

A

Na+

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49
Q

The heart is innervated by both the __________ and __________ nervous systems.

A

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

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50
Q

The SNS releases __________ which _______ __ heart rate.

A

Norepinephrine

Speeds Up

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51
Q

The PSNS releases primarily ____________ which ______ ____ heart rate.

A

Acetylcholine

Slows down

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52
Q

The heart also receives ________ through the blood stream from the ________ gland.

A

Epinephrine

Adrenal

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53
Q

Which is faster, norepinephrine delivery through the SNS or epinephrine delivery through the blood stream?

A

Norepinephrine delivery through the SNS

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54
Q

Where does the electrical signal in the heart start?

A

SA (Sinoatrial) node

55
Q

There is a _____ second delay between the AV node and the bundle of His.

A

.1

56
Q

What does the delay between the AV and the bundle of His allow for?

A

Ventricular filling

57
Q

Once the electrical signal has traveled between the SA and AV node it travels to the _________, then downward through the ________ _______ which start in the ventricular septum.

A

Bundle of His

Purkinje Fibers

58
Q

Once the Purkinjie Fibers reach the bottom of the ventricular septum, they travel where?

A

Outward along the outside of the right and left ventricles

59
Q

The inveration of the Purkinje Fibers allow the ventricles to contract from the _______. (THINK: Toothpaste).

A

Bottom up

60
Q

The refractory (re-polarization) period of heart cells is ______.

A

Long

61
Q

Why is a long refractory period beneficial in heart cells?

A
  1. Allows for complete emptying

2. Prevents spasms

62
Q

In a healthy heart what is the “pacemaker”?

A

SA Node

63
Q

If the SA Node “broke, what would take over? What would happen to the HR?

A 
AV Node (then the AV bundle, then right/left bundle brances, then Purkinijie Fibers)
Slow down
64
Q

What are uncoordinated atrial and ventricular contractions known as.

A

Arrhythmia

65
Q

What are rapid and irregular contractions known as?

A

Fibrillation (SA Node no longer in control)

66
Q

Atrial fibrillation can cause what two things?

A
  1. Clotting

2. Insufficient ventricle filling

67
Q

The life threatening condition where the ventricles pump ineffectively and without filling is known as what?

A

Ventricular Fibrillation

68
Q

The application of an electrical stimulus to shock the heart back into rhythm is known as what?

A

Defibrillation.

69
Q

Ectopic focus is when abnormal pacemaker takes over the ______ _______ of the heart.

A

Conduction system

70
Q

Premature contractions are also referred to as __________.

A

Extrasystole

71
Q

Damage to the AV node results in a ______ _______.

A

Heart block

72
Q

What are the 4 phases of the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. Ventricular filling
  2. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
  3. Ventricular ejection
  4. Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
73
Q

During Isovolumetric ventricular contraction the AV and Aortic/Pulmonary valves are ________.

A

Closed

74
Q

During ventricular ejection the AV valves are ______ and Aortic/Pulmonary valves are ________.

A

Closed

Open

75
Q

During Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation the AV and Aortic/Pulmonary valves are ________.

A

Closed

76
Q

During ventricular filling the AV valves are ______ and Aortic/Pulmonary valves are ________.

A

Open

Closed

77
Q

T/F: Systole is longer than Diastole.

A

False (Diastole is longer)

78
Q

What two phases of the cardiac cycle occur during Diastole?

A
  1. Ventricular filling

2. Isovolumetric Ventricular relaxtion

79
Q

What two phases of the cardiac cycle occur during Systole?

A
  1. Ventricular Ejection

2. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction

80
Q

During ventricular filling, atrial pressure is ______ than ventricular pressure and the AV valves are _______.

A

Greater

Open

81
Q

During Isovolumetric contraction, blood volume _________, because there is not a pressure difference between the ____ valves.

A

Stays the same

Aortic/Pulmonary valve

82
Q

During ventricular ejection, ventricular pressure becomes _______ than aortic/pulmonary pressures, A/P valves are now _________, causing blood to flow _____.

A

Greater
Open
Out

83
Q

During Isovolumetric relaxation, the ventricles are relaxing but volume is __________, and the A/P valves are now _______.

A

not changing

closed

84
Q

Explain the Dicortic notch. (THINK: Roller coaster not making it over the hill)

A

When blood is pumped out during ventricular ejection, some does not make it over the aortic arch and falls back down

85
Q

What are the coronary ostia?

A

Opening in the aorta that lead to the coronary arteries, blood reaching these when it “falls back down the aorta”.

86
Q

What are you hearing when you listen to heart sounds?

A

Closing of the valves

87
Q

Murmurs are caused by ________ often from stenotic or leaky valves.

A

turbulence

88
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle every minute.

89
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

CO = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume

90
Q

What is the most common way to change cardiac output?

A

Change heart rate

91
Q

Things that increase heart rate are _________ chronotropic factors.

A

Positive

92
Q

Things that decrease heart rate are _________ chronotropic factors.

A

negative

93
Q

What is stroke volume

A

The difference between end diastolic volume and end systolic volume.

SV = EDV - ESV

94
Q

If you had a ventricular volume of 100 ml (EDV) and you have 30 ml after systole (ESV) what would the stroke volume be?

A

100 - 30 = 70 ml

95
Q

The degree to which the cardiac muscle cells are stretched before contraction is known as what?

A

Preload

96
Q

Sterling’s Law focuses on an optimal ________ to ________ relationship.

A

Length to tension

THINK: Slingshot - the more you pull back = increased preload

97
Q

Increasing venous return or slowing the heart rate ________ the EDV.

A

Increases

THINK: The more you load = more you send

98
Q

Stroke volume can also increase through what?

A

Become a more efficient emptier.

99
Q

Ejection fraction equals…..

A

Stroke Volume divided by End diastolic volume

50%-70% is the normal range

100
Q

How can you improve the EF?

A

Increase contractility

101
Q

What is after load? (THINK: resistance)

A

The pressure that ventricles most overcome to force open the A/P valves

102
Q

What are the easiest conditions for a heart to work? (Preload/Afterload)

A

High Preload

Low Afterload

103
Q

Veins are more _______ than arteries.

A

Compliant

104
Q

The more compliant a structure is, the more it can be ______ without causing an ________ in pressure.

A

stretched

increase

105
Q

Pressure ______ as it travels _______ from the heart.

A

decreases

further

106
Q

Pressure is typically ______ in pulmonary circulation because of what two things?

A

lower

  1. Shorter Distance
  2. Delicate Capillaries
107
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) is what…..?

A

Diastolic Pressure - Pulse Pressure

108
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

Systolic pressure - Diastolic PRessure

109
Q

MAP is closer to pressure?

A

Diastolic (b/c you spend more time there)

110
Q

These vessels control minute-to-minute blood flow to the capillaries.

A

Arterioles

111
Q

If you need to increase flow to a tissue you could do what 2 things?

A
  1. Increase the BP

2. Decrease resistance (vasodilatation)

112
Q

If you need to decrease flow to a tissue you could do what 2 things?

A
  1. Decrease the BP

2. Increase resistance (Vasoconstriction)

113
Q

What are the most common form of capillaries and allow for the passage of fluids/small solutes? Where are the found?

A
  1. Continuous capillaries

2. Skin and Muscle

114
Q

What type of capillaries are more permeable, allowing more rapid transfer? Where are they found?

A
  1. Fenestrated Capillaries

2. Kidneys, Intestines, Endocrine tissues

115
Q

What are the leaky capillaries that allow large molecules to pass between the blood and surrounding tissues? Where are they found?

A
  1. Sinusoidal Capillaries

2. Liver, Bone Marrow, Lymphatics

116
Q

Blood velocity is __________ in the capillaries.

A

Slowest

117
Q

Non-polar substances (ie. O2, CO2) pass through the membrane __________.

A

Very easily

118
Q

Water passes through a membrane _________.

A

Fairly easily - but slower than O2/CO2

119
Q

Polar substances pass through a membrane _______, unless the capillary wall has fenestrations or clefts.

A

Slowly

120
Q

Proteins can only cross using _________ capillaries.

A

Sinusoidal

121
Q

The force exerted by the fluid pressing against a wall is called what?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

122
Q

In capillaries, hydrostatic pressure tends to force fluid _______.

A

Out (Filtration)

123
Q

The force that opposes hydrostatic pressure is known as what?

A

Colloid osmotic pressure

124
Q

In capillaries, colloid osmotic pressure tends to pull fluid

A

In

125
Q

Colloid osmotic pressure remains ______ throughout the length of the cappilary.

A

constant

126
Q

Early on in a capillary, hydrostatic pressure is ________, and colloid osmotic pressure is ____________.

A

Higher

Lower

127
Q

Later on in a capillary, hydrostatic pressure is ________, and colloid osmotic pressure is ____________.

A

Lower

Higher

128
Q

Every minute 1.5 ml of fluid is lost to interstitial space, how does your body keep this from flooding the interstitium?

A

The lymphathic system

129
Q

What are the two important roles of the Lymphatic System? + 1 minor one?

A
  1. House and provide a proliferation site for lymphocytes
  2. Give a surveillance site to examine and clean lymphatic fluid
  3. Preform a quality check
130
Q

Veins have _____, which help prevent the ______ of blood.

A

Valves

Backflow

131
Q

What are the two “pumps” of the Venous system?

A
  1. Respiratory Pump

2. Muscular Pump

132
Q

The respiratory pumps works with…….

A

Pressure changes in the central cavity generated while breathing

133
Q

The muscular pump works while……

A

muscle contract and squeeze veins moving blood back toward the heart.

Med physiology - Quiz 2 (3 decks)

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