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ANATOMY Thorax/Back Objective Questions > Pulmonary Structures > Flashcards

Pulmonary Structures Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the trachea begin?

A

Immediately inferior to the cricoid cartilage

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2
Q

What forms the D-shaped cross section of the trachea?

A

The front of the trachea/cartilage rings will form C-shape

The back or the trachealis muscle will form a flat wall that connects to the c-shaped cartilage

Together, these make a “D” shape

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3
Q

Bifurcation of what structure happens at the level of the sternal angle?

A

The trachea: it will split into the left and right primary bronchi

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4
Q

What is the carina?

A

The ridge/point where the bifurcation/split of the trachea takes place

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5
Q

What are the first three divisions of the tracheobronchial tree?

A

-primary bronchi
-lobar bronchi
-segmental bronchi

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6
Q

What are primary bronchi?

A

The right and left bronchi that form after the first split of the trachea

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7
Q

What are lobar bronchi? How many are there on the right vs. the left?

A

The division of the primary bronchi will result in lobar bronchi
There are 2 lobar bronchi on the left (left primary bronchi splits once)
There are 3 lobar bronchi on the right (right primary bronchi splits twice)

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8
Q

What are segmental bronchi? How many are there?

A

The division of the lobar bronchi will result in segmental bronchi
There are 10 segmental bronchi on both sides (R and L)

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9
Q

How many times does the tracheobronchial tree divide before it reaches the alveoli?

A

Up to 20-25 times

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10
Q

At what segment does cartilage begin to disappear on the tracheobronchial tree?

A

Bronchioles (these will split to form terminal bronchioles)
-there is some cartilage but very small amount compared to other structures

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11
Q

Does gas exchange occur in the terminal bronchioles?

A

No, alveoli are not present here

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12
Q

Is there any cartilage on the terminal bronchioles?

A

No

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13
Q

What do terminal bronchioles split/divide into?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

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14
Q

Does gas exchange occur at the respiratory bronchioles?

A

Yes! begins here

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15
Q

Where do the alveoli begin to show up?

A

At the respiratory bronchioles (they will not be in clusters here, but some will be present on these bronchioles)

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16
Q

What three structures form the acinus?

A

-Respiratory bronchioles
-Alveolar ducts/sacs
-Clusters of alveoli

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17
Q

What is the top portion of the lungs known as?

A

Apex

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18
Q

What is the bottom portion of the lungs known as?

A

Base (“sits” on the diaphragm)

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19
Q

What is the hilum/root of the lungs?

A

The point where the lung becomes covered by the visceral pleura

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20
Q

The hilum/root serves an an entrance point into the lung tissue for which structures?

A

-Primary bronchi (R/L)
-Pulmonary arteries/veins
-Pulmonary nerves
-Lymph vessels/nodes

21
Q

What are the 3 lobes of the right lung?

A

-superior lobe
-middle lobe
-inferior lobe

22
Q

What fissure separates the superior and middle lobes of the RIGHT lung?

A

Horizontal fissure

23
Q

What fissure separates the middle lobe and the inferior lobe of the LEFT lung?

A

Oblique fissure

24
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments does the superior lobe of the RIGHT lung have?

A

3

25
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments does the middle lobe of the RIGHT lung have?

A

2

26
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments does the inferior lobe of the RIGHT lung have?

A

5

27
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2- superior and inferior

28
Q

What is the landmark on the superior lobe of the LEFT lung?

A

Lingula- analogous to the middle lobe of the right lung
-it is essentially the lower/bottom portion of the superior lobe of the left lung

29
Q

What is the cardiac notch of the LEFT lung?

A

C-shaped curve of the left superior lobe that accommodates for the heart sitting in the thoracic cavity

30
Q

What fissure divides the superior and inferior lobes of the LEFT lung?

A

Oblique fissure

31
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments does the superior lobe of the LEFT lung have?

A

5
(inferior lobe of the left lung also has 5)

32
Q

What does inspiration do to the location of the inferior borders of the lungs (how does it change what level the borders are at rib-wise)?

A

Inspiration will contract the diaphragm
-As the diaphragm flattens, it will LOWER the inferior border

33
Q

What are the two types of pulmonary pleura?

A

Visceral and parietal

34
Q

What is the visceral pleura of the lungs?

A

The inner layer of the pleura which wraps around the lungs (follows the contour of each lung)

35
Q

What kind of innervation does visceral pleura have?

A

Autonomic innervation
When it is irritated, there will be limited or diffuse nociception (pain)
*patient will not have localized pain, will have uncomfortable pain which is not very specific in location

36
Q

What is the parietal pleura of the lungs?

A

The outer layer of the pleura which lines the thoracic wall/diaphragm (follows the contour of these)

37
Q

What kid of innervation does parietal pleura have?

A

Somatic innervation
When it is irritated, there will be focal nociception (pain)
*patient will be able to point to a localized point of sharp pain

38
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

The potential space between the two pleural layers

39
Q

What is the pleural space lubricated by?

A

Serous pleural fluid, allows smooth frictionless surface for lungs and rib cage to move back and forth

40
Q

What is a the costodiaphragmatic recess?

A

Space that is formed in between the diaphragmatic parietal pleura and the costal parietal pleura (along rib cage)

41
Q

Where is the costodiaphragmatic recess located?

A

The junction between the posterior/lateral ribs and the diaphragm

42
Q

What is the costophrenic angle? How can it be visualized?

A

-Junction of the ribs/diaphragm
Can be seen on a chest x-ray! (bottom corner)
**want a nice and sharp clean angle (if there is fluid accumulation in the recess, there will be a non-distinct angle due to the fluid pushing the lungs up)

43
Q

What is the costomediastinal recess? WHich direction does it run?

A

A smaller pleural recess (space) which is located in the anterior rib cage
This space runs vertical

44
Q

What does the costomediastinal recess run anterior to?

A

the heart

45
Q

What does the costomediastinal recess run posterior to?

A

sternum

46
Q

A thoracentesis will drain fluid from what recess?

A

costodiaphragmatic recess (removes fluid that would build up/push lungs up/blur the costophrenic angle)
*want to make sure you are in the SPACE and not hitting the lung or diaphragm

47
Q

What is the difference between bronchial circulation and pulmonary circulation?

A

Pulmonary circulation: provides blood to ALVEOLI for gas exchange (brings blood from the heart to the lungs/alveoli for gas exchange, and bring the oxygenated blood back to the heart)

Bronchial circulation: provides blood to AIRWAY STRUCTURES (trachea, bronchi, etc.)

48
Q

What is the pathway of PULMONARY circulation?

A

-Right ventricle pushes out a stroke volume to the pulmonary trunk
-Blood flows through the right and left pulmonary arteries
-Blood makes it’s way to the lungs and reaches the pulmonary capillaries where gas exchange will occur with the alveoli
-Oxygenated blood will return to the heart through the pulmonary veins ***There are 4 pulmonary veins: 2 on the left/2 on the right
-4 pulmonary veins will bring blood to the left atria and will then move to the left ventricle
-Blood will then be pushed out into the aorta

ANATOMY Thorax/Back Objective Questions (20 decks)

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